Application Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Principles Environmental Sciences Essay

Application Of unified coastal rule guidance Principles purlieual Sciences bear witnessIn most West Afri green goddess sub- persona countries, integrated Coastal Z wizard Management (ICZM) is a fairly new idea and has at that placefore non been approached and adopted as a care approach pattern. Thus, the management of the swoopal regularises is seen to be a diff engross of goods and servicesd activity being under outputn by many institutions with interests and bet in the coastal govern.Nigeria being a country with coastline of approximately 853km set about the Atlantic Ocean, its coastline lies mingled with latitude 4 10 to 6 20N and longitude 2 45 to 8 35 E (Badejo and Nwilo n.d). The coastal area is paltry lying with heights of non more than 3.0m above sea train (Dublin-Green et al. 1999). According to (Ibe 1998), the Nigerian coast is composed of four distinct morphological units namely the Barrier-Lagoon complex the Mud coast the Arcuate Niger delta and th e Strand coast.Nigeria has one of the largest coastal zones in West Africa with soaring socio-economic, cultural, physical, and environsal importance. Thus, its coastal zones pass on undergone sequence of advanced environmental increase programs with the Federal Ministry of Environment and its environmental stakeholders in the quest of incorporating conservation and sustainable use of its gamey cultural and environmental importance. However, environmental programs introduced are seen to absorb been unproductive owe to the fact that it was not fitly approached ascribable to politics of world-shattering players in the Nigerian coastal zone management. Hence, for Nigeria to come upon the aims of incorporating conservation and sustainable development of its coastal zones, the administrative and stakeholders on environmental management necessitate to see an unified Coastal partition Management (ICZM) in ready to achieve its this sustainable product.1.2. AIM OF queryTo assess the need and feasibility of give waying incorporated Coastal regulate Management (ICZM) principles in the management of Nigerian coastal peeings with a case study on Lagos earth coastline.1.3. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCHIn the context of this query, the chase objectives shall be consideredLiterature review of ICZM and its principlesThe put to work up coastal issues facing Nigeria coastal zoneAssessing the current management of Lagos nominate coastline against the principles of ICZMEvaluate barriers to the follow throughation of ICZM on Lagos area coastlineEvaluate the potential benefits of an ICZM approach.1.4. background REPORT OUTLINEThe Nigerian coastal zone sprawls a correspond of nine (9) states, out of the thirty-six (36) states of the federation, namely Akwa-Ibom State, Bayelsa State, Cross River State, Delta State, Edo State, Lagos State, Ogun State, Ondo State and Rivers State. These coastal states are estimated to account for 25% of the field of study popul ation. Nigerian coastal zones stretch in grunge for a distance of about 15km in Lagos in the West to about 150km in the Niger Delta and about 25km east of the Niger Delta (anon. n.d).FIG.1 MAP OF NIGERIA coastal AREASFig. 1 above is the map showing the Nigeria coastal areas (Nwilo and Badejo n.d.)Nigeria with about 853 km stretch of coastline has been characterized with differing erosive activities a result of combination of natural and anthropogenetic forces. Consequently, the importance of the Nigerian coastal and marine environment as the of import socio-economic nerve centre of the country where over 70% of the national income is generated, and there is need for an understanding of the physical shifts taking place which would go for operose socio-economic implications on the area and the entire nation (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006).The main key environmental management and development problems on the Nigeria coastal zones that needs addressing in event as degradation of the coastal environment in many of its coastlines autumn in the quality of life of its local populations are stated down the stairsCoastal and marine resource degradationoverexploitation of fisheries,coastal drifts-(erosion and flooding), clarification of mangrove forest,physical modification and destruction of habitats,Coastal and marine befoulment oil color spillage,dumping of heavy metals, explosives, sewage and garbage,climate change and sea level riseFor almost years, coastal and marine resource degradation has been a major problem on the Nigerian coastal zones. (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006), evidences from studies and experiments develop shown that the rate of shoreline retreat in some section of the Nigerian coast is so rapid as to be alarming. Generally, coastal erosion and accumulation occur concurrently worldwide, even though erosion would appear to have a greater magnitude (Oyegun 1988).More so, (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006) the inadequacy of information about the Nigerian co astal areas would explain for the inadequacy in the management of the coastal erosion problems. In addition, wish of sustainable development policies with inadequate resources to implement coastal zone management by Ministry regulating Nigerian coastal environmental have contributed to the degradation. Apart from the natural environmental problems, such as flat topography of the region, high intensity and long duration of rainfall, high water table and low soil permeability, etc., man-make environmental problems are caused by unplanned and uncoordinated development poor highway and watercourse number and construction, inadequate waste disposal infrastructure and lack of adequate and proper maintenance programme, and so on (Santos 1999).Being one of the largest oil and flatulency suppliers in West Africa, Nigerian economy is dependent on the oil and gas sector, thus, incurs a high risk of disastrous oil spills on the coastal zone owing to change magnitude oil tanker trading oper ations which are being carried out without utmost compliance with MARPOL 73/78, an IMO form which regulates and prevents marine pollution.2.0. LITERATURE REVIEWCoastal zone are unique. such(prenominal) as daily tides, mangrove forests, coral reefs, tidal flats, sea beaches, drive waves, and barrier islands are found only on the coast (Clark 1996). Furthermore, cod to the uniqueness of coastal zone in many coastal countries, the region has been recognised as a distinctive region which requires unique attention. Nevertheless, (Post and Lundin 1996), the increasing population on the coastal zone has caused conflicts surrounded by challenging uses in its resources and thereby calls for the need to ascertain long-term supply of these resources, on twain land and the sea. However, the (European Commission 1999) asserts that coastal zones go forth continue to be areas of rich potential for our modern society as its productivity such as tidal inlets, salt marshes, and estuaries has an important role to play in food production- through maintenance of fisheries and aquaculture- and in safeguarding nature and biodiversity. In no doubt, (Clark 1996) the coastal zones is seen to have undergone adverse environmental adaption and weakening through developed homophile activities such as dredging, fishing, sand filling, and pollution.According to (Sorenson and McCreary 1990), coastal zone is defined as the interface or transition zone, specifically that part of the land intrusion by its proximity to the sea and that part of the ocean affected by its proximity to the land. an area which processes depending on the interaction between land and sea are most intense. (Doody 2001), to the marine biologist coastal zone includes the sea and all those areas which are periodically covered by the tide. man to the coastal ecologist, the zone extends landward to the limits of tidal movement or the work on of salt spray on soils and vegetation. Meanwhile, the quality of coastal waters is a major cause for concern. The two most spectacular phenomena in new-fangled years, oil slicks and algal blooms, are illustrations of the fact that coastal communities frequently allow the consequences of events or developments occurring inland or shoreward and therefore beyond their hear (CEC 2000). Therefore, it is imperative to conserve coastal zones in order to accomplish a sustainable growth. There must be a demonstration of merged Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) to achieve sustainable growth of coastal zones. According to (CEC 2000) from 1996 to 1999, the Directorates General for Environment, Fisheries and Regional Policy in Europe operated a Demonstration Programme on ICZM which is approach patterned toProvide concrete technological information about the factors and mechanisms, which either encourage or discourage sustainable management of coastal zones.Stimulate a broad debate and change over of information among the respective(a) actors involved in the pl anning, management or use of European coastal zones. This debate was intended to lead to a consensus regarding the withdraw measures necessary at the European and other levels of competence in order to stimulate ICZM in Europe.The demonstration programme has yielded a wealth of expert information about ICZM mechanisms and solutions to specific problems faced in the coastal zone (EC 1999 p.5). Furthermore, the demonstration projects have confirmed that there are serious inconsistencies between sectoral and territorial policies, programmes and plans whose impacts are felt on the coast. This fact is responsible for the flunk of an act of an integrated approach to coastal planning and management (EC 1999).2.1. THE system AND PRINCIPLE OF ICZMDue to inefficiency of varieties of environmental resource management and development halt programs adopted, many countries are now embarking on special integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) which strategizes compatible development and res ource conservation management that are for the good of the nation as a whole (Clark 1996).(Shi et al. 2001) ICZM represents a dynamic and continuous process which administers the use, development, and protection of the coastal zones and its resources towards common objectives of national and local authorities and the aspiration of various resource user group.(Bower and turner 1996) states ICZM consists of a set of tasks, typically carried out by several or many public and private entities. On the other hand, (Morksness et al. 2009) ICZM can be defined as a decision-making and management process with which to achieve the sustainable use, development and protection of coastal and marine areas as well as of their resources. Thus, ICZM stands for an enviro-economic regulatory system for numerous competing interests (Eremina and Stetsko). Nevertheless, from the lessons of the European Demonstration Programme on ICZM (European Commission 1999), there are several dimensions to the word integrating in coastal managementThe horizontal integration of policies, management arrangements and development plans amongst different sectors, services and agencies at a given level of government activity (national, provincial, district and more local) as well as amongst interest groups with common interests in coastal areas and resourcesThe vertical integration of policies, management arrangements and development plans from national through to local levels of government, including community establish approaches to coastal managementGeographical or territorial integration which takes into account the interrelationships and interdependencies (physical, chemical, biological, ecology) between the terrestrial, estuarine littoral and offshore components of the coastal zoneIntegration over time the consistent integration of sustainable development objectives policies, plans and management strategies in the course of time.The process of ICZM jump offs with the knowingness of issues of common concern, which facilitates a dialogue and exchange of views among interested and affected parties, and this is the priming coat for coordination of action, which in time fosters integration of management (EC 1999 p.15).With reference to the (European Council, 2002) integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) shall be based on series of principles as stated belowA broad overall perspective (thematic and geographic) which pass on take into account the interdependence and disparity of natural systems and gentle activities with an impact on coastal areasA long-term perspective which will take into account the precautionary principle and the needs of present and future generations adjustive management during a gradual process which will facilitate allowance account as problems and knowledge develop. This implies the need for a expectant scientific home concerning the evolution of the coastal zoneConsidering local specificity and the great diversity of European coastal zones , which will withstand it possible to respond to their practical needs with specific solutions and flexible measuresWorking with natural processes and respecting the carrying capacity of ecosystems, which will make human activities more environmentally friendly, socially responsible and economically sound in the long runInvolving all the parties concerned(economic and social partners, the organisations representing coastal zone residents, non-governmental organisations and the business sector) in the management process, for example by means of agreements and based on shared responsibilitySupport and involvement of relevant administrative bodies at national, regional and local level between which appropriate links should be established or maintained with the aim of improved coordination of the various existing policies. Partnership with and between regional and local authorities should apply when appropriateUsing combination of instruments designed to facilitate coherence between s ectoral policy objectives and coherence between planning and management.Clear evidence of investigate but needs greater emphasis on assessing the quality of the create literature.3.0 METHODOLOGYAs the aim of this investigate is an assessment of the application of ICZM principles in the management of Nigerian coastal waters, case study Lagos State coastline. The following listed methodology shall be applied to achieve the aims and objectives of the look intoData army researching data comes in a wide variety of shapes and forms (i.e. radical versus subaltern data). (Lancaster 2005) on one hand, a primary data will ofttimes be collected through techniques such as experimentation, asking questions, interviewing (one-on-one/telephone), placard and surveys. On the other hand, a secondary data is information which already exists in some form or other but which was not primarily collected, at least initially for the purpose of the consultancy exercise at hand. In most cases, a seco ndary will be the start point of this research as it consists of both external and internal data sources which encompassing internal company information such as databases, reports, government surveys, competitor information and increasingly, internet and web-based sources of information (Lancaster 2005).Qualitative Research dodge this type of research system shall be used for this research due to the fact that it can investigate how and why particular events and actions happen and how citizenry feel about such activities. With reference to (Bryman, 2004 p.19-20). A qualitative research emphasizes words rather than quantification in the collection and digest of data. Therefore, gathering a qualitative data for this research is imperative as the aim of the research is the understanding of believe and experience.Evaluation Research Strategy this type of strategy will be used to discover whether the programme of ICZM intend to lend certain changes to coastal management of Lagos Stat e coastline. (Thomas 2004) such studies are well tied to concerns with accountability and are used to discover whether programmes and expenditures intended to bring about certain changes or to reach specified policy objectives have in fact achieved their goals.Study Design this would be achieved through the use and study of relevant textbooks, online journals and articles to gather secondary data.Using the internet (e-mail) for primary research the attraction of using a web-based survey are that it can potentially reach an enormous number of respondents anywhere in the world, the cost and time involved in distribution and collection of questionnaires are minimized, and analysis of data that are already in electronic format is made easy (Walliman 2005).Action Research this is intended to improve understanding of and prospects for change in organisations by involving organisational members in collaborative relationships with specialist researchers who jointly design and carry out res earch studies (Thomas 2004). Collection of relevant document cover primarily from organisations, institution and authorities facilitate research.Sampling Design this shall be based on costs, quality, time, and feasibility of the research studies.Ethical Research throughout this study research, a good ethical research culture shall be maintained and abide by. (Greenfield 1996) ethics in its widest sense, as the principles of good human behaviour, is one of the issues for which philosophers have striven to provide guidance.Methodology for each objective should be based on the Research Onion (see page 132 of Saunders et.al), working from the international inwards. It is essential to include justification for the chosen approach/method4.0. LIMITATIONS OF think overLikely limitations towards the quality of this research study are listed below epoch of research study the time allocated to conduct this research is too footling to conduct an assessment of the management of Lagos State c oastline against the principle of ICZM,Online restrictions some significant organisations while trying to access recent and quality online journal and articles on ICZM, restricts access and request payment by debit/credit card. miserable information database unavailability of quality information database through the Nigerian Ministry of environment will be a barrier to this research due to lack of quality IT infrastructure,Finance costs of communication/travelling to Nigeria to conduct a feasibility study on the management of Lagos State coastline will be a barrier due toAccess inability securing permission to some agencies/organisations while trying to carry out the study research will be a barrier owing to protocols.5.0. CONCLUSIONAlthough, the implementation of the practice of ICZM in Nigeria coastal zone has long been discussed by stakeholders in the Nigerian Ministry of Environment and it has been seen to a very difficult task and proved abortive. In view of some problems faced on how to balance the economic growth and conservation of coastal environment for sustainable development on the Lagos State coastline, the author of this research shall study critically and extensively on the application of ICZM and its principles and after that compare against the Lagos State coastal zone management practices, and in the end propose to the States Minister for Environments some viable ways of applying efficaciously the implementation of ICZM principles in order to achieve an integrated Lagos State coastline management and Nigerian coastal zones at large.5.1. SCHEDULED IMPLEMENTATIONTasksDuration pass away dateFinish date support topic selection5days26.04.201030.04.2010 evolution aims, objectives, and hypothesis1day30.04.201030.04.2010Literature review3days30.04.201004.05.2010Designing methodology7days30.04.201006.05.2010Planning research programme6days01.05.201006.05.2010Submitting project proffer1day07.05.201007.05.2010Familiarising with research database21days 09.05.201029.05.2010Receive proposal feedback5days31.05.201001.06.2010Reviewing proposal feedback7days31.05.201006.06.2010Collecting research data20days12.06.201031.07.2010Evaluating research information32days01.07.201003.08.2010 lottery project conclusion8days09.08.20116.08.2010Publish project findings9days09.08.201017.08.2010Findings appraisal6days10.08.201015.08.2010Complete Project16days15.08.201031.08.2010Submit project research5days30.08.201003.09.2010REFERENCE LISTSANON., n.d DRAFT EXECUTIVE analysis online accessible http//www.unep.org/AbidjanConvention/docs/THE%20STATUS%20OF%20THE%20NIGERIAN%20COASTAL%20ZONES%20version%202.pdf accessed 05 May 2010BADEJO, O.T., and NWILO, P.C., n.d. 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