Management of Design and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Management of Design and Innovation - Essay ExampleThe scope of devise management extends to the internal and external interfaces of the firms. Design management usually is a long and continuous application which influence the performance of the firms at all levels. Design management growthes be practiced by large number having different levels of authorities and trainings. Such people function with multiple orientations covering various kinds of organisations of different sizes and nature. Koppelmann and Spies (1993) call back that design management is having multifarious facets and there are different opinions about design management. This paper expand the design management process and the application of design management in the case of Zara clothing Spain as a case study.Technology is said to be at the heart of any manufacturing company. The technology helps in designing the products or the processes required to manufacture the products. It is critically important for the c ompanies, that the existing technologies are assimilated into the business, and also dwell the impact of the emerging technologies on the designs, products, and processes. This is considered critical as the companies are always under constant embrace to loan new products to the market as quickly as possible. Thus the purpose of any memorial tablet is to provide the customers products or services with the best possible quality and at affordable price which is greatly facilitated by the design management. An organization is sure to gain a competitive advantage through designs that bring new ideas to the market quickly, do a better job of satisfying the customer needs, or are easier to manufacture, use, and repair than existing products and services. Design can be understood as a critical process for a firm. Strategically design defines a firms customers as well as its competitors. It capitalizes on the core competencies of a

School Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

School Administration - Essay ExampleAs a result, reluctance of potential decision makers (Rayfield), and the turnover rate of administrators continue to rise (Senge et. al 88). Nevertheless, the slim knock to beam in and at success motivates site administrators to persevere through battles and wars waged on them by stakeholders to whom they stretch their public service. Due to inexperience, aspiring administrators lack the skill to realistically anticipate and effectively cope with the wardrobe responsibilities often experienced in lead administration. Aspiring administrators should seek the help of others to cope as several(prenominal) of their ideal expectations atomic number 18 adjusted by realistic occurrences.According to Dr. Lorraine Monroe, leadership is the key determinant of a great civilize (12). Candidates for the star position take great notice of the publicity that comes along with the leading position but slightly recognize the magnitude of responsibility. As t he chief official of a designated educate site, the administrator bears the responsibility of all that happens within the building. According to elementary principal Kimsherion Reid, No matter what goes on in the building, it reflects on you (Delisio). Thus, the site administrator has the challenge of making sure all aspects of the school populate peacefully and productively.Lorraine Monroe states The real leader is the servant of the people she leads (126). Administrative candidates may not realize that an administrator does not occupy the throne of a dictator. Rather, he or she must learn from and oftentimes obligate stakeholders, others who take part in the educational process. Stakeholders include parents, students, teachers, custodians, as well as other members of the community. A content group of stakeholders lessens administrators worries. Thus, administrators and aspiring administrators alike must learn to find a comfortable strong point that will appease most who are in volved in issues that arise. One frequent issue school administrators encounter is adequately and effectively handling student discipline. In Loco Parentis grants educators the right to stand in place of parents turn children are in the schools jurisdiction. As they temporarily stand in place of the parent, educators are liable for students safety and have the chest to direct the pupil and to punish for infractions, much as a parent would (Reutter 763). Specifically designed to protect the best interest of all students, In Loco Parentis grants educators authority to exercise control. However, some inexperienced administrators are surprised to find that the granted authority is often challenged resulting in the necessity for additional accommodations. Differences in values and opinions often sabotage efforts to accommodate everyone in a satisfactorily manner. For example, administrators and parents may agree to work for the students best interest. What happens, however, when the ad ministrator and parent disagree on the consequence assign for the childs misbehavior What is the solution when the parent contends that his or her childs behavior is not misbehavior at all In such a situation, how can the administrator appropriately serve and appease the student and parent while fulfilling his or her duty as one who maintains order in the school Administrators are expected to be diplomatic chief officials. With the responsibility of diffusing problems prior to their getting out of hand, administrators must balance and compromise without totally

Thomas Paine Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Thomas Paine Questions - Coursework ExamplePaine believed that his work was termination to be remembered for a long time may be forever. He argued that though his work would not have obtained command favor from readers, after some time its objectives was passing game to be achieved as more people were going to like it - Time makes more converts than reason (Paine, 1776, p. 1). Therefore his belief was that in the long run, his document was going to gain some favor from the readers. Question Two In the views of Paine, society and establishment are ii very different organizations. They are the very opposite of individually other. Paine argued that society and government activity are not the same and even their origin is not the same. The origin of society comes out of our wants but that of the government is from our wickedness. tour the society enhances peoples happiness my uniting their great moments, government bring gloominess unto our lives by restraining our vices. Furthe rmore society enhances intercourse while government brings about classifications. While a society is viewed as a blessing a government is said to be punisher. Paine described a government as a necessary evil when it is in its best state. To Paine, government is badge of lost innocence. Society and government are therefore very different from each other and cannot be compared. In the description of Paine, they expect to oppose each other. It is very interesting how Paine contrasted society and government. In his description he was indeed fitting to show that though the two are different from each other they cannot be separated from each other. He used such words as necessary evil in describing government viewing that government was evil but all the same it cannot be done away with. Question tierce Though Paine described government as an evil and a badge of lost innocence, he remedy argued strongly that it was necessary for the society. Paine saw a great need for regulations and government in general in the society. Government and regulation become necessary because a society grows to a point whereby its members lose allegiance and attachment to each other. At first, regulations will be set up to be observed by all the members of the society whereby all the members will have some form of say in the training of such regulations. But as the society grows, the need to leave legislation to a legislative remains will raise and thus a government would have to been formed. In the views of Paine, regulations and government are alone necessary for the sake of ensuring that there is order in the society. Paine argued that it is the failure of the members of the society to uphold moral virtues that bound raise to regulations and government. Along this thinking, he described government as a mode rendered necessary by the inability of moral virtue to govern the world (Paine, 1776, p. 1). Therefore, in simple terms the need for regulations and government is for the purpose of keeping order in the society. Question Four Paine finds two tyrannies in the English typography in the form of the Monarchy and Aristocracy. This is because it is a complete opposite of what he

Enterprise Resource Planning System Research Paper - 1

Enterprise preference Planning frame - Research Paper ExampleOne must consider the scale the drive Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) vendors in order to understand these vendors sales tactics. Millions of dollars ar invested by big players such as Oracle/PeopleSoft, SAP, Microsoft, and SYSPRO --- to name some --- to develop ERP systems (Dowlatshahi, 2005, p.3745). For these vendors, CD copy of the system is just minimal swell therefore closed deals for implementations of these systems gain them absolute profit. It should be of no surprise to see these vendors exhaust all told means to close deals with potential clients, since there is a lot of profit at stake (Fulla, 2007, p.35). almost companies report being given trips to the vendors headquarters, luxurious meals and accommodations, and transport by stretch limos (Dowlatshahi, 2005, p.3747). These ar all part of a vendors strategy in wooing clients to buy their ERP system. Basically, these ERP systems are similar in their f undamental functionalities in business processes management. Therefore, to sell a reaping, vendors must establish their products superiority over other ERP systems available in the market. The danger here is the vendors inclination to make outrageous claims regarding their ERP system. Some vendors publicize the advanced functionality of their system, some vouch for the ease of use, sequence others offer money-back guarantees of up to millions of dollars if their system fails to double other companys ERP system performance (Fulla, 2007, p.36). ERP vendors raze try to sell extra technical and consultation support aside from their software licenses. Final quotes whitethorn include consulting and programming assistance of up to thousands of hours. However, companies should be aware that there are usually fees for this consulting assistance, and it whitethorn be easier to find cheaper open market services (Fulla, 2007, p.38).

Organisational Behaviour Theories and Modern Learning Organisation Essay

Organisational conduct Theories and Modern Learning Organisation - Essay ExampleSpecifically, it offers a wide-ranging tactical support inside which abilities, instructing and growth strategies mickle be placed, thus providing teaching and HRM professionals with a tactic for advertising their products to higher management. kinda of training and capabilities being a bolt-on extra, erudition transfers to centre stage and grows to be the principal organisational standard well-nigh which business policy and viable gain can be developed. Put plainly, there are utter to be 3 different shapes of encyclopaedism within an association folks within an organisation learning belongings organisational learning - where the organisation as a unit begins to develop means in which it can learn lectures in a group and lastly the learning organisation - where the vital organisational objective is finish learning. The nature of the amendments needed becomes understandable as we look at the five-ste p prototype of development of a learning organisation submitted by Johnson (2002, pp. 241-249). The initial three steps of the model (Foundation, Formation and Prolongation) are taken to modify a state of organisational learning. Phases 4 and 5 (Renovation and Transfiguration) represent evolution and conversion to becoming an entirely impelled learning organisation. Foundation Essential talents development, plus providing beginners with practices and eagerness to learn further. Basic human resources development plans to harass and put up self-belief for advance knowledge. Formation Organisation promotes and develops skills for self-studying and self-development assists individual discover about the organisation and their smirch in it. Likelihoods and resources are set aside to meet requirement for learning. Renovation An absolute transform in the form, look and traits or traditions of the organisation.

Week #7 Learning Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 7 Learning Activities - Essay ExampleSex should not exactly be about the biological differences between male and female because of instances where such differences are not all the way determined. An example would be people who have Gender Identity Disorder, where people feel a gulf between ones internal organs and charge upual identity (Bible 3) and people who are born with two or no devolve on organs, so they are free to choose between the two. With the existence of vague sexual identity because of biology, the law essential consider gender identity and sexual orientation as infract of sex too. Gender is based on the belief that sex is socially produced.Gender identity, in addition, all the same sexual orientation, can also be seen as a process for people who are undergoing sex changes or experiencing sexual identity confusion. If people are unsure of their gender or sex, then they must be free to determine it, or even be free to have an open gender, if that is satisf ying to them. Society, in turn, should not limit their rights and freedoms, simply because their gender identity is floating or more gas than the fixed notions of masculinity and femininity (which should not be fixed at all).Finally, sex should also be a decision for ones gender identity outcomes. As in the case of easterly Airline pilot, Ulane should not be discharged because of changes in her gender identity. She deserves to work and to be respected and genuine by society like others, whatever her gender identity is.Nonetheless, since such an open interpretation of sex is not yet socially or legally accepted and applied, I believe that Ulane can free use same-sex discrimination as a basis for her cites, like what happened to Smith V. City of Salem. Ulane can claim sexual discrimination for not fitting into gender stereotypes, where she can argue that she experienced sexual discrimination, since only(prenominal) male pilots are more accepted in Eastern than female pilots, and where, by being transsexual, he is discriminated because he is

History of Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Cinema - Essay ExampleIn particular, the history of photographic film dates over 100 years, set out from late 19th century to the current time. Since the evolution of the cinema during the 1890s, it was considered an stinting method of providing mass entertainment. During the first three decades of film discovery, motion pictures did not have sound as the pioneers had not yet figured out how to link sound with the motion pictures. Through continual improvements, inventors succeeded in merging motion pictures with sound in 1923 hence, this resulted in the end of the silent era, while marked the beginning of the sound era (Goodwin, 129). The cinema has undergone various stages of development to reach the current 3-Dimensional films, which has been made possible by continuous learning and improvements.This confirms the fact that the history of Cinema has been useful as it has allowed the ultimate transformation of primary film to a world class and reliable cinema. Without studying the history of the cinema, there would be zippo to improve. Consequently, the film industry would be lagging behind. As such, we must study the history of cinema because it allow enlighten us on new ways of establishing better services than are currently universe offered. In conclusion, the study of the past assists us to appreciate the present and makes us ready for the

Pythagorean triples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pythagorean three-base hits - act ExampleThe most popular example of which is the 3-4-5 triangle, the triple which, according to Knott (2009), was known to the Babylonians since way back 5,000 old age and was possibly used as a basis in making true right angles in ancient building construction.Then again, the 3-4-5 triangle is just one of the infinitely mevery Pythagorean Triples, and approximation you, there argon various ways of generating such triples. One is, given two integers n and m, where n m, then sides a, b and c are define as n2- m2, 2nm and n2+ m2, respectively, following a simple confirmation (Bogomolny 2009)Taking for instance the triple 8-15-17, which is generated by taking n = 4 and m = 1, then a = n2- m2 = 42 - 12 = 16 - 1 = 15 b = 2mn = 2(1)(4) = 8, and c = n2+ m2 = 42 + 12 = 16 + 1 = 17. Another example is 7-24-25, which can be verified employ n = 4 and m = 3. Such triples are examples of Primitive Pythagorean Triples, or those triples that are not multiples of some other and are found using the n-m formula (Knott 2009). Other Pythagorean Triples can be found using a variety of methods as presented by Bogomolny (2009) and Knott (2009), some of which arec) by Two-fractions methodchoose any two fractions whose product is 2, add 2 to each fraction, then cross multiply, getting the two shorter sides of the triple 4/2, 2/2 8/2, 6/2 16, 12 162 + 122 = 202, andTo sum it up, there are infinitely many Pythagorean Triples existing. But one thing is for sure, a variety of techniques are purchasable that will serve useful in generating patterns among such triples. Hence, if you cannot list them all, be familiar of their patterns at least.Knott, R. (2009). Pythagorean Triangles and Triples. Retrieved November 20, 2009, from The University of Surrey, Mathematics Web site

Quiz Review Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz Review Questions - Coursework Example15, Rios indicate that the boys may embrace strategies such as passing play dumb, makeing stupid or even being dummy smart as a strategy to discredit the system that punished and excluded them (Rios)4. These are knowledge and ideas that people try to draw upon in their periodical life activities. Cultural capital ranges from ability to speak, ability to write effectively and even rule of etiquette among others.5. These benefits of thriftiness are gained from the preferential treatment and cooperation between a group of people and individuals. Social capital tends to constituent the main idea that networking has a significant value.8. In the 21st century, people are living unitedly despite the differences. According to Sandercock, people must understand their differences and how important it is to their politics and cooperative success in order to live together. Without such understanding, problems might arise. He also develops a multicu ltural perspective that embraces virtuoso of culture of every individual that is inescapable of cultural diversity and which is part of the right to differences (Sandercock).9. Therapy can be an effective statement in most cases. But to reap its benefits, it is important that the right strategies that incorporate ruttish comfortablybeing to be utilized. Emotions help in diagnosing several health related problems including mental health conditions. Therefore, emotions play a huge role in dictating the types of therapy and when an individual should initiate the therapies.10. City building- cities are unendingly in constant change. This comes alongside with struggles. The struggles are developing to shape up and protect as well as improve places. People have roles to play in the city change since it affects everyday life. spot the cities are changing, the professions in building do not act alone. The transformation recognizes that these professions are effective when they act in a transparent way of politics in association with residents,

Write a short answer(no more than 600 words) for each of the following Essay

frame a short answer(no more than than 600 words) for each of the following three questions after reading The Making Of A Quagmire by David Halberstam - Essay ExampleOn the same note, matchless can as well as not help but to notice that crisis unites. In fact, the unrelenting existence of the American soldiers in the pretext of oblation reinforcement and support for the Southern Vietnamese who were being attacked by the North, inspired to Vietnams the need for sovereignty. Moreover, their barbarity on the locals property and families further stirred the locals to join hands to drive the common foe forward from their territory (p. 12). The fact that they also had a lot at stake compared to the Americans, this made them even more determined to win the struggle.One person in Halberstams the making of quagmire worth mentioning is one Madam Ngo Dinh Nhu, the wife of Ngo Dinh the South Vietnam leader. Due to her mannerisms and behavior, she earned the title dragon dame. Her ruthless ness and insensitivity is evident in the adoption of an imperious manner and insensitivity as closely as uncaring attitude toward anyone or anything outside the ruling family clique. Indeed, majority of the Vietnamese considered her as the sex-dictatress. On a positive note, she can be regarded as a determined woman, who instead of watching her husband and his brother running the country, she is in the forefront of establishing her own female militia, the Womens Solidarity Movement (p. 32). The book also brings to the readers realization that the women behind men in political power are oft sources of power themselves. Madame Nhu also seems to portray the picture a hypocritical leaders wife who uses her federal agency to jeopardize and intimidate the public. In fact, Halberstam (p. 32) indicates that presents that there was a cabinet, whose ministers had responsibility but no power and who lived in mortal fear of Madame Nhu.An insightful analysis shows that the only party that re vealed the truth and was right about the temperament of the Vietnam War was the press, Halberstam included. They presented all the fact about the war and even

Media Portrayal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media Portrayal - Essay ExampleThis essay discusse the connections between juvenile information, communication and the individuals with disabilities issue. Today, people can get information from various sources, that is mostly may be accessed with the do of mass media. Mass media is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and intentional to reach a very large audience. It was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks and of mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. regrettably individuals with disabilities to a great extend are limited by not being able to farm use of such opportunities. Access to communications and information can be available through umteen sources such as newspapers, magazines, television programs, and movies, Internet etc. Depending on the type of disability i.e. deafness, blindness, and so on the individuals with disabilities are limited having no access to appropriate source of the informa tion. This essay raises the question of vital vastness for the international community today, that is to create and promote approaches and technologies that will allow everyone including individuals with disabilities to get, to utilize, to exchange and to create information and knowledge. The research worker focuses on introducing the topic and analyzes in details many examples of mass-media articles, movies and tv-shows related to the individuals with disabilities issue. Some examples that were mentioned in the essay mite the Sound, Zatoichi, Be with me movies, etc.

Starbucks Coffee Shop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Starbucks Coffee Shop - Essay lawsuitThe Starbucks brand has been known not only for its coffee and food, but mostly for being one of the companies which incorporates node service as take up of its brand proposition. Over the years, Starbucks has positioned itself as the third place, next to home, and office or school. This so-called Starbucks experience embodies the intangible aspect of the stash a focal points brand offer.The core products that Starbucks offers are tea, coffee and pastries. However, even though being a coffee shop does not confine the Starbucks brand as a store where such products can be bought. This intangible (Gabbott & Hogg, 1994) that accompanies the products that consumers pay for is comprised of the total experience they get in the contrive of service from the shops crews.Apart from the physical product such as coffee and food, the service in the Starbucks requires customers to accede in the service. This according to Wolak, Kalafatis and Harris (1998) is the inseparability characteristic of service. Because consumption cannot be separated from the provider which is the Starbucks staff, what Starbucks offers can only be achieved by the customer by participating in the service, i.e. placing her order, and paying and hold for her drink. That is, it is required on the customers part to personally take part in the service, which they do so by queuing in the line and waiting for her turn, placing the order that they desire and then waiting for it, either on the table (for food) or at the return key (for coffee). This is the inseparability of Starbucks.Variability/heterogeneityThe third dimension of service according to Gabbott and Hogg (1994) is the heterogeneity of the service. In ground of Starbucks service, its variability lies in the difference between employees at the service counter who distinguish the consumers. While the way employees get orders from employees and serve them their drink vary less, the methods as regards emp loyees approach to interacting with the employees varies in terms of the way they greet their customers. This is because in the former action, the idea behind the action is the same that is, the employee takes the order, processes it and delivers it to the customers. In the latter performance, although the idea is the same, in that location are reasons for variations that depend on the employees ability to interact with the customer.PerishabilityThe fourth dimension of service is perishability or its addiction on time as regards its consumption (Wolak, Kalafatis & Harris, 1998). Starbucks service is perishable in that as the customers become to a greater extent aware of the inability of supply of service, they can opt to

A true story of courage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A aline story of courage - Essay ExampleHe recommended his wife to undergo a complete medical exam checkup, to learn the root-cause of all that was happening to his wife. Just a few weeks before her health would start to deteriorate, she notice that she was pregnant, and was soon going to become a m new(prenominal). She narrated the untroubled news to her husband. It was the happiest day in the couples married life. It felt like the start of a new and beautiful journey. But they were unaware that this good news was soon going to be followed by some very dreadful news that would drive an everlasting effect on their lives. Upon her husbands suggestion, she agreed to undergo the medical checkup. Her blood and peeing samples were taken, and the lab reports would take two weeks to channel finalized. In the following text, the husband himself narrates his story from the day of lab-report-results onIt was Tuesday. Two weeks had passed after my wifes medical checkup. The reports were due to be received. I offered her my company to contract the reports. But she chose to get them herself on her way back from the office. She said, Id prefer to be alone. She probably said so because she was very tense. She told me to stay at home and pray for her, and so I did. It was afternoon. I had turned the lights off. The darkness felt comforting. I was sitting on the sofa in the lounge with a cup of coffee in my hand. I was too tense to enjoy the coffee. One sip of it tasted bitter, and the other sweet. It felt like punishment. The tension was mounting. It was about time for her to get back. She would be there any moment. I was anxiously waiting for her. Every passing moment felt as long as a year. Waiting had never been my job. I was not used to it. I always tried my best to get things done without waiting for them, but unfortunately that was not the case this time. I was too worried, yet sanguine about the results. I hoped

Subprime Mortgage Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Subprime Mortgage Crisis - Research Paper ExampleThese numerous theories, which have come up to pardon the root cause of the subprime crisis. Numerous experts and economists believe that a combination of factors resulted to the crisis (Lynnley 13). This shoot intends to examine the house undulate as a major cause of the subprime crisis. Housing Bubble This study reveals that the present mortgage crisis started with the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble, which commenced in early 2001 and ascended to its peak in the year 2005. Essentially, a housing bubble can be defined as an economic bubble whose occurrence in both the local and international platforms in real markets id characterized by almost similar features. The housing bubble is defined by express train in the valuations of real assets until untenable levels associate to income and affiliated affordability indicators are reached (Lynnley 11). This situation leads to the decrease of home prices and debts related to mortga ges, which are higher compared to the value of the assets. It is imperative to note that the housing bubble was discovered at the issue of the market correction that happened in the U.S in 2006. In 2007, Alan Greenspan, the former Chairman of the Federal Reserve lineup indicated that, United States has been having a bubble in the housing sector (Muolo and Padilla 3-7). This came upon the realization that the house prices appeared to be overwhelmingly overvalued. The sentiments were echoed by the Richard Syron, the CEO Freddie Mac and concurred with the Yale University economist Robert Shiller who warned that the necessary correction of the bubble would be done in many years to come wit trillions of dollars being lost. This situation would lead to a double-digit turn a bearing in the home values. The housing bubble in sexual intercourse to the historicly low lodge in rates This study reveals that the majority of the experts and economists believe that the housing bubble in the U nited States of American was partially caused by the historical low interest rates. It is imperative to note that the Federal Reserve Board had reduced the short-term interest rates by 5.5% (from 6.5% to as low as 1 %). This was a response of the collapse of the dot com bubble (Muolo and Padilla 3-7). This happened in early the year 2000 and was followed by the ensuing recession in 2001 however, this response importantly endangered the housing bubble through the decrease in real long-term interest rates. It is congenital to note that, the US mortgages rates are set in relation to Treasury bond yields of 10 years. These rates are influenced by the Federal funds rates. This study establishes that the Federal Reserve Board acknowledge the relevance of the connection amid lower interests rates, increased liquidity and the higher home values in relation to the general status of the economy. On the other hand, Greenspan disputes the claim that he engineered the housing bubble. Greenspa n asserts that the Feds decline in rates contributed to the inflation of the bubble. In 2007, Greenspan argued that, the housing bubble was not in any way related or linked to the Feds policy on interest rates, however, Greenspan pointed out on the international surplus in savings, which pushed down the interest rates

How does the Constitution address the Grievances enumerates in the Essay

How does the Constitution address the Grievances enumerates in the Declaration of Indepence (use only 3 or 4 Grievances) - Essay ExampleThe time went on, and the injuries inflicted upon the the Statesn large number worsened. The elders of America attended forum over forum and at last addressed the British people, but they were not paid heed to. The world-beater of Britain saw these efforts as alarming and started a ruthless war over against America. This was the moment the elders of America were left with no alternative but to go for their separation from Britain (Jefferson and Fink 12-15). It was 1776 that the thirteen colonies of the Atlantic Coast rebelled against their mother kingdom England. They declared their independence and formed a confederation of states. From the very first day of the establishment of the confederation, it was generally organized. There were no cardinalized powers to bind the states in a particular way. A think-tank called Congress consisted of the delegates from division states. The purpose of Congress was to make recommendations however, it had no powers to implement these recommendations. Resultantly, the states violated the recommendations as well as laws and rules again and again. Time went by and the situation aggravated as the states insisted to retain their sovereignty. There was neither any central judiciary nor any common executive branches of law. Both were necessary for the concept of Confederacy to succeed. After a few years, the experiences revealed that it was no more possible to bind all the states together in one frame. To graceful the common ends, the establishment of an effective central government was necessary. In order to frame a articulation central constitution, a convention was called in Philadelphia in 1787. They had laid the first stone of the base. The efforts bore harvest when the Constitution came into effect in 1789. According to it, different states had been organized on a federal basis. To day, the linked States of America consists of 50 states, all coexisting in harmony. It stands to reason that the way England treat the people of America was unacceptable for them. The Constitution aimed at removing the same distresses which had forced them in the past to announce independence. For instance, one of the grievances, as it was spiritedlighted in the Declaration of Independence, complained against the King He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, cast off returned to the people at large for their exercise the state rest in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within (Jefferson and Fink 13). The Constitution of the linked States of America provides redress of the said grievance with Section-2 of the Article-I in the words The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for the most numerous branch of the State Legislature (Kammen 37). The Declaration reflects the anger of the people who did not a governor who could provide them the right to vote. The King could not be reached as no representative body existed there for long to bring the peoples miseries to the notice of the sovereign of England. The Constitution provided the people of the American States the right to elect the persons who could fight for them in their cause. They were now able to send their voice to the high towers of

The Sociological Imagination SOC 131 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Sociological Imagination SOC 131 - Assignment ExampleIn the Jakarta Post, Achmad Munjid talks just about how religion can be used as a social recapitulation. He commented that the social critique of religion is lessened when religion is controlled too much by those in power. This causes religion to not lead sociological imagination because those in authority tend to make religion as strict as possible, with those unable to keep up being punished for their sins. Munjid gives the example of Christianity under the rule of Constantine. He in any case makes reference to Islam after the great prophet Muhammad had passed away. Despite these examples, Munjid also mentions such individuals as Martin Luther, the Buddha, and Confucius, all of whom came to drive about social reform through their actions and words. More people today need to come from the bear witness of view of one of these role models and not look to take advantage of

Abnormal Psychology Background and Perspective Essay Example for Free

Abnormal Psychology Background and Perspective hearA lot of the human demeanour and cordial process could be explained by psychology. This course allowed me to consume affected psychology in a bit of a different light. I was able to befool the information learned while relating it psychopathology. Taking this course has further improved my understanding of mental disturbs/illnesses. I have also learned different discourse and many perspectives relating to abnormal psychology. This correct has allowed me to think critically close to mental disorders in addition to learning about scientific inquiry. Abnormal psychology is the behavior or thought that cause social, cognitive, and emotional problems for an individual. Abnormal thought or behaviors that disrupt an individuals functioning are due to a psychological disorder. It is important to be able to understand characteristics of abnormal behavior in order to distinguish a person with a psychological disorder. These charac teristics deviate from what fraternity deems to be normal. Some classifications of abnormal behaviors are social deviance, personal distress, unusualness, danger to anes ego or to others and maladaptive behavior. All these traits need attention and diagnosis. A person with abnormal behavior cigarette have a lifestyle full of discomfort, conflict and unhappiness. This does not only have an effect on the individual but abide also affect others.A behavior that is normal in one region could be abnormal in another. Different cultures may consider a behavior in another culture abnormal and vice versa. Each culture also has a different interference and approach towards mental disorders. There are different types of normality levels for an individuals behavior. In this class the focus was on the approach that the western culture has towards mental disorders. Abnormal psychology could be explained by a number of different perspectives such as biological, psychological or sociocultural. An approach towards mental disorder is diathesis-stress paradigm. This paradigm is an integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors (p.62). For example a person that genetically addicted stress from the environment could trigger a mental disorder. If there isnt any environmental stress, than the mental disorder may never be triggered. This paradigm does a good job in explaining how these factors apprise contribute to mental disorders. Most psychologists believe that cognitive behavior therapy is the most effective and efficient treatment for mental disorders. Cognitive behavior therapy incorporates theory and research on cognitive processes such as thoughts, perceptions, judgments, ego statements, and tacit assumptions (p.51). This therapy treats the disorder by applying behavioral principles of learning. This gives the individual to reconstruct his/her thoughts in a positive manner. commonly a disorder leaves a person hopeless, but this tre atment helps the individual to have control everywhere their thoughts or feelings.Not only did I learn how to think critically, I also learned about different types of research method. Mental disorders is disturbs a persons thoughts and which could lead to an emotional experience. Life can be difficult for a person with a mental disorder. They often have difficulty maintaining a relationship or keeping a job. The absence of treatment could make life unbearable for a person suffering a mental disorder. This class has helped me understand the different types of mental disorder and how to describe and treat them.

Place and Memory Essay Example for Free

Place and Memory Essay perhaps the strongest case for memory is make in the context of the places we occupy. It is not easy to forget what happens in our lives with filename extension to the space we occupy. In other words, we remember our experiences, especi eachy the most important ones, with reference to the places we occupied at the time of those experiences. Elizabeth Liebert (2004) has written Novelist Barbara Kingsolver have it aways the places where she writes. She observes Whether we are leaving it or coming into it, its here that matters, it is place. Our greatest and smallest explanations of ourselves grow from place, as surely as carrots grow in the dirt. According to the author, we learn about ourselves with references to the memories we have about genuine places. If I happen to draw something I dislike or disagree with in a occurrence place, for instance, I will be reminded of my sure likes and dislikes whenever I hark back to my specific experience of disliki ng or disagreeing with something in that particular place.In f enactment, I had an important experience in Aruba that would explain this phenomenon. I remunerative a twenty-day visit to the island of Aruba when I was fifteen years of age. Three of my older cousins accompanied me to the gorgeous 32 km long island in the Caribbean Sea. The weather was warm and sunny. The landscape cactus-strewn. Aruba murderers tourists natural, historical and cultural attractions they would not find elsewhere. Still, I find myself repressing my memories of Aruba whenever they occur.My cousins and I visited art objecty places in Aruba by ourselves. These interesting places included the low-pitched Vista Chapel the Arikok National Park Bushiribana Balashi (historical gold mines) the California Lighthouse and the Palm and Eagle Beaches. Although we made very short visits to these wonderful places, we felt very fortunate to be there.A week out front we were suppose to return home from Aruba, my cou sins and I decided to take a tour bus to the Ayo joust Formations that have been described as the town of Bedrock in The Flin rock candys. We had learned about the puzzling geological formations in Aruba, and about the Ayo Rock Formations we were particularly excited because we all had read in our travel occupy that this place was once a dwelling place of an ancient race that left petroglyph markings on stone boulders.And, the area is surrounded by huge stones that seem as though they had been stacked on blanket of each other by giants On our way to the Ayo Rock Formations, however, a rather unfortunate fortuity occurred. Our bus had stopped at the red signal on an empty road when a motorcycle came very close to our vehicle, as if out of nowhere. There was a young girl sitting in front of the gay riding the motorbike. She yelled at the top of her voice Help Rape That is all I remember hearing at the time.I was nervously moving in my seat on the bus, only trying to understand what had just taken place, when our tour fall out stepped off the bus to watch the man on the motorcycle. I had actually not seen him getting off the bus. I only self-collected that he had left our bus when I saw him being stabbed in his shoulder by the man on the motorbikeThe next thing I knew was that the driver of my tourist bus drove off in a rush, leaving the tour guide behind. Many tourists on my bus questioned him anxiously as he drove the bus at top speed. But the man refused to say why he had done what he did. Of course, there were many complaints to the authorities later on. All the same, we could not undo the act of the driver, or the man on the motorbike who had stabbed the tour guide before my eyes. I have never returned to Aruba, and I believe that I never will.Several of my friends have tried planning out a trip to Aruba with me, knowing that I have been there before and may be able to guide them. I do not think I would be able to guide them, however. I do know th at that place and experience taught me that I love justice and refuse to empathize with those who do not submit to it, such as the bus driver, who left the tour guide in the lurch, or the man who stabbed our tour guide in the shoulder. I have often told my friends that I hate Aruba. Today I question myself Do I really hate the place that has made me understand that I love justice?

Gallery Review - Nancy Lang Essay Example for Free

Gallery Review Nancy Lang EssayToday, the 9th of March, I thrust heard of the Pyo Gallery, and as soon as I heard that it was in Wangjing, I changed my plan from departure to the Dashanzi District to trying the new place. It was hidden in several other galleries. I was lucky to regain in that respect before the exhibition time was over. The owner was a Korean, who kindly explained some characterizations for me. I was beamy to find go forth that they currently had an exhibition of Nancy Langs art. I restrain always wanted to find out more about Nancy Lang ever since I have seen her in person at the art love I have been to, in Korea last summer. There was her trademark series of Taboo Yogini paintings of which I have seen one flip of it before. Among all of the paintings that looked similar in overall size and image, I preferred this item painting the most.Nancy Lang is an American born-Korean Pop artist who is very young and innovative. This piece of her is named the Taboo Yogini, Swinger and has an capacious size of 210 x 175 cm. She used mixed media on canvas to create this huge piece. This painting was finished in the year 2006, when she was 27. On this humungous canvas, there is a big character in the middle(a) which has the body of a robot and a passport of a girl with some abstract and sullen practices as legs. The subject has a basket full of tennis balls in its right hand. The light-blue scope is solid with no value.The most interesting aspect about this art piece is the mysterious figure placed in the center holding the viewers attention. This piece looks more like a collage than a painting with images attached on the screen. The positive space is the one and only subject on the canvas. The body, which appears to be a robot, contains the three primary colors with a considerable amount of white. These colors in concert form a fancy image of a childs robot toy, attracting the viewers eyes to the center of the figure, which is where the head is placed.An image of the head of a human girl is used, juxtaposing the robot body. In the figures right hand there is a basket of lime green tennis balls. In the lower part of the art piece, as the legs of the main subject there are two obscure figures that could be hardly described. On the unexpended side there is a fan shaped quadrilateral printed on a shiny material, and on the right side there is a figure that seems like a mixture of blood vessels and bones. The objects do not seem to have any connection between them, but as a firm they get together very well forming one huge body. The negative space is painted in one tone of light-blue, which helps the subject to stand out. Unlike its visual texture the actual texture of the piece is very smooth just like a painting.Nancy Lang is famous for her mysterious art pieces and unconventional performances. She is a multi-talented young woman who wants to be famous and rich, according to her own words. She actually has pla yed a fiddle in the middle of a street wearing Victoria Secret lingerie and red mellowed heels with kabuki style makeup. In her series of Taboo Yogini, she mixes up diverse icons to create a sort of bionic woman that she declares to be the ironical face of the democracies we live in. According to her, this character Yogini, which originally means a yoga trainee, points to an worldly concern between an angel and devil. So the name of her series Taboo Yogini is in a way representing both good and bad. I think the half-robots that appear on her pieces also represent Nancy Lang herself and the various different sides of her.Nancy Langs paintings are very obscure and difficult to understand. When I first looked at this piece, I was totally blown remote by the innovative design of the image. However, I could never see the ironical face of the democracies before I read the explanation. These mystical figures, which look almost like monsters, keep appearing on her canvases expanding the viewers vagary and interpretation of them. Still, I think they are insufficient to clearly deliver the authors true intention of creating much(prenominal) images. Nevertheless, it is impossible for one to see through the genuine mind of an author. I really like Nancy Lang and her innovative spirit. She is afraid of nothing, even the awkward stare of others.

Thinking Book Review Essay Example for Free

Thinking Book Review EssayBook Review The chapter speaks about own(prenominal) barriers and the system of enculturation. Enculturation meaning the way we were raised up by our families, the culture, work and religion bear upon us by means of the way we see things. Importantly, ar the factors of acceptance in society and following those norms through your lifestyle. The things you eat, drink, religious beliefs, violence and discrimination are all generated by enculturation. When people step divagation from the conditions of enculturation, they decease more aware of the teachings and the ideas of others. It creates a theme of having an open mind and of better understanding. If the individual would step aside from some of the things brought down by family and the environment it would disregard many of the misconceptions being spread and taught. If those who are otiose to resist the process of enculturation tend to be fanatics instead of thinking things objectively on varie d social and ethical concerns.Critical Review Overall, the chapter allows one to reflect upon ourselves to see how culture, environment, and family affect us in many different ways. From the ideology to the way we treat people, we see others who think different than us as ignorant or blind but in actuality it is us who categorize and judge others based on our beliefs. Our own egos get in the way of learning and understanding other people or from experiences we would not have if it was not because of our own ideas. In the long run, we have to rationalize and understand that different ideas and ainities are what make us unique and learn to disagree or agree without regarding your personal emotions. We ourselves placed these personal barriers that as time pasts leads us to regret and stress.

Procurement in Construction Essay Example for Free

Procurement in Construction EssayA basic definition for the procural is the way the make is realised and involves assembling and organising the skills and services of a team of device professionals. (the Construction good turn Table, 1995). More precisely, the construction effort describes procurance as a system that establishes the regions and relationships which make up a drift organisation hence the overall organisation and communication structure for the care, administration and control of a tolerate is established by the procurement system. (D.C.H Coles, 2010)* Procurement Systems essentialityChoosing the most suitable procurement system acting for the specified construction project is a long term hard decision it is a life-time-and-death confinement it is one of the most crucial decisions on any building project (Gillespie, 1994). Choosing the appropriate procurement system is the determinate for a successful project (Building Procurement, 2006) this sta tement is supported by the investigation do on 25 National Audit Office (NAO) reports, were it was concluded that choosing the wrong procurement method is a major risk source (covering 29% of the risk source percentage) for public sector project failure. Furthermore, an American study concluded the total project cost can decrease about 5% by choosing the correct procurement methodology. Failure to choose the appropriate procurement approach is recognised as the essential one source for project failure (Building Procurement, 2006)* Role of the Project Manager The presence within the customer company of a Senior Executive leave aloneing and able to act as a wholeness point of contact throughout the building process, gives the invitee a distinct advantage (Construction crook Table, 1995) within the last fifteen years, the role of the Project Manager has developed in the construction industry, what is mentioned above proves that having person to repugn and supervise the project is the key for a successful project. The thickening can appoint a project theatre director from his company in-house or an external consultant appointment. Overview for the Project Managers dutiesA project manager can be appointed by the customer (especially if it was an inexperienced client in the construction industry where the majority of clients in the UK fall into this category), in order of magnitude to help him build up his production line needs lineament for the project development, find alternatives and options that are more suitable in order to achieve his business needs, work out the investment appraisals and risk assessments, choose the most suitable procurement method for the project, select the project team, establish and supervise the performance. An important task the project manager must perform before adopting the procurement method is to approach the client, and understand specifically what does he requires and what the outcomes from the new construction b uilding are, more specifically the objectives and the products of the building.After performing this action the project manager will odour at all the alternatives if there are any. Comparing the past with presentlyadays, when the architect and the engineer had the major role in the project during the past, if the client requests a new building to be constructed they will support his courting while the project manager will look at all the alternatives that cleverness be best(p) for the client and his business, the alternatives might include * Building an extension to the clients existing building or carrying out alterations and refurbishments to it. * Moving the building to a position that might be more suitable to the business of the company. After understanding the needs of the client and finding all the alternatives, it is the project managers task then to choose the most appropriate procurement method for the project. As mentioned earlier, choosing the most suitable procurem ent method for the project is one of the most crucial decisions on any building project. The Construction Round Table (1995) covers a list of priorities that the project manager must take into account referring to the clients objectives in order to choose the most appropriate procurement system, these include* Timing For most of the clients, clock is a crucial factor that must be taken into major consideration, especially for clients with a required known completion date. For example, supermarkets much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Tesco, the cost might non be their major touch on but time is since the earlier they open the supermarket the earlier they can make profit. Timing might not be an important issue for man Schools since there will be a predicted birth rate.* equipment casualty certaintyThe price of the project generally includes the total constructional cost (design fees, construction contracts, financing costs and client management costs) it may also include the land co sts, sales costs and the associated agency costs together with developers margin.Nowadays, with the global credit crunch existing, most of the clients and companies are critically focusing on cost, they precisely cannot go over budget, and hence cost plays a major role when deciding the procurement method.* tincture/Performance levelQuality must be appropriate to what the client request it is a covariant issue, for example the quality for constructing a five stars hotel in central London is different than the quality from building a seven stars hotel in Dubai, most importantly the quality of the design and materials should be appropriate to the touchstone and functional use of the building. For shops such as Next or Marks and Spenser, the layouts change any now and then, hence the project manager must make ensure that the layout wont be intentional for more than a considerable period since it will be a waste of money. A basic definition for performance is how the building is going to be used (how the goods flow).* ComplexityWithin the early life of the project, it should be clear whether the project is a complex one or not. Complexity wont affect simple projects whereas if the project is technically complex (advanced design and high serviced construction requirement), then this will affect the project could be procured in another way. An example for complexity is the British Library the temperature for ein truth floor was required not to be more than a half degree different. * Competition adequate competition methods must be includes in the chosen procurement method for Public projects (publicly funded 50% or more) in order to satisfy the EU Procurement Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC and the U.K.s Public Contract Regulation 2006.* Controllable transmutation This mean making decisions as late as executable in the construction process. Some projects wont have sufficient detail to enable the contractile organ to prepare a tender, such as high compl ex projects, hence a procurement method that allows change in a controlled manner must be chosen. An example on controllable variation is Heathrow Terminal five, the client did not make decisions about a number of issues within the terminal design, such as baggage claims, check in online system. Hence what is i take aim for the project manager is to have a procurement system (one or more) that can make decisions as late as possible.* The division of the management responsibilities An important procurement assessment criterion involves the clients choice whether he wants to manage separate consultants and contractors or to manage one company (single point responsibility). Furthermore, the project manager must make sure about the clients objectives for the fact whether he wants to be in charge or not and if so how such(prenominal) does he want to be included.A good idea for the project is to produce a project management handbook for all the parties involved in the project. For the co ntracts case, recently the ICE7 contract has been withdrawn from the construction industry and so the projects now have to follow the NEC3 contract.* The extent of the professional responsibility/accountability required For the case of accountability, copies of all the variation, money and extension of time must be provided in order to be accounted, this is very important for local authorities and government departments.* Risk avoidance Assigning and managing the risk has an important way out of the procurement assessment criteria. With the aid of a risk register, the project risks can be carried out in third stages * Name the risks linked with the clients objectives and priorities. * Sort out the number of times the risks might occur and their impact on the project. * Choose the best party involved to sort out the risk.The client has a major role in this issue, more specifically if the client does not wish to deal with any of the risks that might occur, then the project manager m ight choose the Design and Build method since it is the ideal procurement method, since the contractor will carry most of risks existing, but the cost of his tenders will outgrowth since he is carrying most of the risks. If the client does not wish to pay more for the contractors tender for carrying out the risks on site and does not mind carrying most of the risks, then the project manager would go for the Management procurement method which might be the ideal solution for the issue.The next step for the project manager is to link up the clients objectives and priorities with the primary issues by using Diagram1 (shown on page6), this way the choices of the procurement methods suitable for the project will be narrowed down. Diagram 1 shows the relationship between the clients objectives and the priorities and the dissimilar procurement methods. (Source Construction Round Table, 1995)The project manager can review the reports of similar successful projects from organisations such as Constructing Excellences in order to guide him for the present project.Generally, the focus of the clients is upon time, cost and quality. Most of the clients request their buildings to be constructed in high quality level, in a small period of time and in a low price. This is very unlikely to happen (does not exist) and if the client did not have a precession of criteria even with the aid of the project manager, disappointment and project failure will exist (Building Procurement, 2006). The project manager must understand exactly the clients objectives and his criteria, in order to relate it to the ideal procurement method. All of the procurement methods provide satisfactory levels of performance in time, cost and quality but separately method have different levels of risks and control on the client (as previously mentioned). Diagram 2 below, shows the three common favourable priorities for the clients and which procurement method is best to follow.

Reading Important Essay Example for Free

practice Important experiment1. Reading is fundamental to function in todays society. There atomic number 18 many adults who cannot read well abundant to understand the instructions on a medicine bottle. That is a scary thought especially for their children. pickaxe out applications lets impossible without help. Reading road or warning signs is difficult. Even following a typify becomes a chore. 2. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job. 3. Reading develops the mind. 4. Reading is how we discover new things. 5. Reading develops the imagination. 6.Reading develops the creative side of pile. 7. Reading is key in developing a good self image. Non-readers or poor readers often have low opinions of themselves and their abilities. 8. goodish reading skills improve spell. 9. Ideas written down have changed the destiny of men and nations. 10. The power of written ideas communicated finished reading is a foundational reason why some governments oppose free and honest co mmunication. Illiterate people are easier to control and manipulate. They cannot do their own research and thinking.They must rely on what they are told. spoken communication are the building blocks of life. You are, right now, the result of words that you have heard or read and believed. What you become in the future will depend on the words you believe round yourself now. People, families, relationships, and even nations are built from words. Think about it. Why is Writing Important? It seems like a silly question, nevertheless it is very important to be able to express yourself well. Our make-ups precede us, or introduce us.For example, when we gift for a job or to enroll in a school, we need to submit a suck up and sometimes a cover letter, or when sending e-mails to someone we dont actually recognise well or havent met yet ( extend partners, customers, or even responding on behalf of the company you plough for). If we make a bad (or illegible) impression, the outcome fo r us may not be favorable. Poor writing may cost a lot it may lead to misunderstanding and misconstruing due to sentence structure, grammar, punctuation, and spelling problems.We need to write well for the following reasons To translate, communicate, and materialize our ideas and thoughts into accessible documents that are useful to ourselves and others To report our work in informative, concise, and professional formats Another important reason is that when writing, we are sending a message to our readers about who we are. Therefore, we need to be clear, focused, and accurate so as not to be misunderstood, underestimated, or ignored.

Basketball Case Essay Example for Free

hoops Case EssayIntroduction Basket stumblebum, a play that was born in nineteenth century with the purpose to provide an athletic distraction to the students at the School for Christian Workers in Springfield, concisely became a successful sport. More than 300 million community play basketball game worldwide.The History of Basketball Invention and Rules Basketball was invented by Dr. James Naismith, physical educator at YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachu enclothets, USA. He has four degrees in the diverse fields of Philosophy, Religion, physiological Education and Medicine. Naismiths investigations in sports physiology and sports science helped him to create really successful game. The concept of basketball was borrowed from the simplistic childs game duck-on-a-rock, which involved attempting to knock a duck off the top of a large rock by tossing another rock at it. James Naismith needed a game that could be vie indoors in a relatively small space. The first game was play with a soccer ball and two peach baskets used as goals. 1 James Naismith devised a set of thirteen rules of basketball, through which you can look in enclosure 1 of this paper. In 1959, James Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame (called the Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame.) Evolution of the game Since invention basketball was greatly changed Equipment. The early baskets were with the butt joint and some wholeness had to retrieve the ball. Later they were trans stumble into the metal rim with a net hanging below, and in 1906 people began opening the netting to let the ball fall through. The first basketballs were made from panels of leather sewed together with a rubber bladder inside. The molded basketball was introduced in 1942. Rules. graduation exercise in 1910 a player could dribble the ball, but could not shoot after dribbling. In basketballs early days, a players bet on pestiferous would mean removal from the game until the next field goal wa s made. If a team move three attendant fouls, the opposition would be awarded a field goal. Beginnings in 1894 players were given a drop out go for when fouled. Beginning in 1908 players who committed flipper fouls were disqualified from the game. Based on the severity of the foul, the rules were soon amended so that players were awarded either two shots or integrity shot plus a grant shot, which was attempted only if the first shot was made. The rules also determined that an offensive player could commit a foul by playing too aggressively. In 1892 basketball was introduced to women by Senda Berenson Abbott. The rules of womens basketball were modify (the court was divided into three bear on sections, with players required to stay in an assigned area players were tabu from snatching or batting the ball from the hands of another player and players were prohibited from holding the ball for daylong than three seconds and from dribbling the ball more than three times.) In May 1901 several schools, including Yale and Harvard universities and Trinity, Holy Cross, Amherst, and Williams colleges, formed the naked England Intercollegiate Basketball League. In 1915 the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (AAU), the NCAA, and the YMCA formed a committee to standardize rules. The first national collegiate tournament was held in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1937. Professional basketball began in 1896 at a YMCA in Trenton, New Jersey. A dispute between members of the YMCA team and a YMCA official led to the players forming a professional team and playing for jacketital. In 1898 a group of New Jersey newspaper sports editors founded the National Basketball League (NBL). The NBL consisted of hexad franchises from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Stars of this league include Ed Wachter, who play in about 1,800 professional games, and Barney Sedran, who played on 10 championship teams in 15 years. The first successful national professional league was the America n Basketball League (ABL), which lasted from 1925 to 1931. In 1926 a national tournament for womens teams was formed. Notable players from this era of womens basketball include Babe Didrikson, Alline Banks Sprouse, and Nera White, who was one of the first two female players elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame. In 1938 the three-court game was changed to a two-court game, with six players on a team. In the mid 1930s another National Basketball League (NBL) was founded and 1946 in a year of foundation of Basketball Association of America (BAA). Later four strongest teams in the NBL conjugated the BAA. Then the NBLs six teams also joined the BAA, forming a three-division league that was renamed the National Basketball Association (NBA). In the late 1940s and early mid-fifties, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan and coached by John Kundla, won five NBA championship titles (1949, 1950, 1952-1954). In the 1950s guard Bob Cousy and forward Bob Pettit had the greatest i ndividual doctor on professional basketball. For two decades after its founding, the NBA was the only major professional basketball league. But in 1967 the American Basketball Association (ABA) was formed.In the late 1970s, the NBA experienced a crisis of popularity but in surround 1979 the public interest had revived. In the late 1960s some rules in womens basketball had changed unmeasured dribbling became legal, five-player team and full-court game became official. The law called Title IX (1970s) prohibited discrimination on the foothold of gender in educational institutions receiving federal aid, meaning that womens athletic programs had to be treated as equal to mens programs. In 1978 the AIAW championship was televised, and the same year a professional league called the Womens Basketball League (WBL) was founded. Beginning in the late 1980s basketball became so popular that students began leave schools and colleges before graduation and go to NBA to play for large sums of m oney. So in 1995 the league enacted a limit on the amount of money a rookie could earn. Following the 1997-98 season NBA owners and players could not agree on rules regarding a salary cap and several other issues, and the NBA owners instituted a player lockout. The dispute cancelled all league play until an sympathy was reached in January 1999, resulting in a strike-shortened, 50-game season followed by a regular playoff schedule and championship series.NBA Legends 1950s and 1960s Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain1980s Larry Bird, Magic Johnson1990s John Stockton, Karl Malone, Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen.Records of NBAHighest score. 370 when Detroit Pistons defeated Denver Nuggets 13 December 1983.The largest number of victories per season. 72 times per season (1995-1996) won Chicago Bulls.The largest number of games. Robert back up played 1611 matches during 21 seasons.The youngest player. Germen ONeal was in the age of 18 years and 53 days when debuted in NBA.The oldest playe r. Robert Perish from Chicago Bulls played in the age of 43 years 231 days.The highest player George Maureshan from Washington Wizards has a stature 2.31 meter.Conclusion During more then hundred years basketball had greatly developed and changed, experienced a lot of difficulties, but it is still one of the around popular games in the world. Of course basketball as any other sport has a lot of problems today (e.g. U.S. team does not have a national program for international competition, devalues the World Championships and does not develop fundamentals), but it has a large authorization and great future.The BibliographyLaughead, George. History of Basketball. Kansas Heritage Group. 2004. University of Kansas. 15 Sep. 2005. http //www.ku.edu/heritage/graphics.people/maismith.html Bellis, Mary. Basketball James Naismith (1861 1939). 15 Sep. 2005. http//www.inventors.about.com/ program library/inventors/blbasketball.htmEnclosure 1. Naismiths rules of basketballThe ball may be thr own in any room with one or both hands.The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist.A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.The ball must be held in or between the hands. The arms or organic structure must not be used for holding it.No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident purpose to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described in Rule 5.If either side make three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime devising a foul).Goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the ground into the basket and be there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the butt and the opponents move the basket, it shall count as a goal.When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it refined into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.The referee shall be the judge of the ball and set when it is in play in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the go als with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.The time shall be two 15-minute halves with five minutes rest between.The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winners. 1

Distance education Essay Example for Free

blank nurture EssayDistance education dates back to at least as early as 1728 when an advertisement in the Boston Gazette promoted Caleb Phillips, Teacher of the new method of Short Hand, who sought students who wanted to learn finished weekly send lessons. Similarly, Isaac Pitman taught shorthand in Great Britain via correspondence in the 1840s. Distance education has a long history, but its popularity and use has gr avow exponentially as more advanced engineering has become available. By 2008, online development programs were available in the United States in 44 tell aparts at the K-12 level. description pedagogics where instructors and students are separated in both place and prison term. They communicate at times of their own choosing by exchanging printed or electronic media, or through technology that allows them to communicate in real time or through other online ways. Advantages Distance bringing up does not require commuting, saving money otherwise spent on t ravel back and forth to teach. Convenience and flexibility. You complete classes at your convenience. Accessibility. Live and take on from anywhere while pursuing education of your choice.Online classes address accessibility issues that some people with limited mobility encounter. Self-paced learning. severalise Instruction. Vast resources readily available through the internet which are relatively inexpensive. Potential. The opportunities for length education maintain exploded with the increased use of the internet. Many degrees are available through distance learning including amply school, college and post graduate programs. Cost. Distance education is considerably cheaper than attending a traditional college. Key players in Distance EducationStudents Faculty Facilitators Support staff Administrators Interaction and Technology in Distance Education Interaction is an important component of any learning experience. One of the most important factors relating to distance learni ng is the element of interaction as its much different of an environment in a traditional schoolroom than what occurs in distance learning. Learner Content LearnerInstructor LearnerLearner LearnerTechnology Synchronous vs Asynchronous Interaction In distance Education most interaction done Asynchronously interaction between them is delayed.One good example is a teacher may deliver the video instruction via email and the learner may respond in a later time. Synchronous interaction like in traditional classes where learners and instructors interact real time you blether I immediately respond. This could be achieved in distance learning as when computer conferences are held at pre-established times via chat technologies. Distance Education Technologies The various technologies used in distance learning raise be roughly divided into four categories, However many of these technologies could overlap into more than one category. affect Technology The original form of Distance Education was correspondence courses, in which print material was mailight-emitting diode to students and returned to the teachers through the postal system. The University of London was the first university to offer distance learning degrees through correspondence, establishing its External computer programme in 1858. This program is now known as the University of London International Programmes and includes Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Diploma degrees created by colleges such as the London School of Economics, Royal Holloway and Goldsmiths.In the United States William Rainey Harper, first president of the University of scratch developed the concept of extended education, whereby the seek university had satellite colleges of education in the wider community. In 1892 he as well as encouraged the concept of correspondence school courses to further promote education, an idea that was put into practice by Columbia University Computer Technology Computer based technology includes email, on line collaborations and web-based education as a office of delivering distance learning.The widespread use of computers and the internet have made distance learning easier and faster, and today practical(prenominal) schools and virtual universities deliver full curricula online. In 1996 Jones International University was launched and claims to be the first fully online university accredited by a regional accrediting association in the US. Video Technology Video techniques often used for distance learning include videotapes, satellites, television cables, and computers offer opportunities forbehavior modeling, demonstrations and instruction of abstract concept. Audio technology say cost effective ways to enhance distance learning courses. It can be as innocent as a telephone with voicemail or it can be as complex as an strait conference with microphones and speakers. The very rapid spread of radio in the United States in the 1930s led to proposals to use it for distance educatio n. By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 25 state boards of education, and many colleges and universities broadcast educational programs for the public schools.One line of thought was to use radio as a master teacher. Experts in given fields broadcast lessons for pupils within the many schoolrooms of the public school system, asking questions, suggesting readings, making assignments, and conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local teacher only the tasks of preparing for the broadcast and keeping order in the classroom. Research and Distance Education The University of the Philippines Open University (U. P. O. U.) is a public distance learning institution and research university that provides quality higher and continuing education to Filipinos through the distance education system.Melinda dela Pena-Bandalaria (2007) in her article on Impact of ICTs on open and distance learning in a Developing domain setting The Philippine Experience, pointed out the dis tance education in the Philippines has undergone four general stages or generations. It as well as includes how quality of education is ensured in a technology-driven system of teaching and learning.

Effective Business Letter Essay Example for Free

Effective Business Letter EssayDid you go through that in 1999 that two babies died after suffocating on plastic Pokemon balls that their parents got from Burger King? Furthermore, three children choked on Scooter Bugs that were given out at McDonalds. How would you feel if your child was injured due to the fact that your smart set had not pretested the safety of a toy? Many toys that are given out to toddlers are unfeignedly meant for older children.In addition, many of these toys are produced cheaply overseas, and often small parts break morose and they become serious choking hazards. According to statistics, Burger King distributes nearly 100 million toys annually to children McDonalds gives external 1.5 billion worldwide. This entire industry accounts for one-third of all toys distributed in the United States. Millions of them have been recalled after children were hurt. pains leaders such as, Burger King and McDonalds, at present recognize that protecting child safety is to their advantage. Fortunately, Burger King now uses safety tests in front, during, and after manufacturing to catch any hazards in advance. Furthermore, McDonaldss has developed a testing doll with kitschy lungs to check for suffocation risks called the McBaby.We want other fast food restaurants to follow their lead and start checking toys before distribution. McDonalds has loaned the McBaby to our department so that other fast food vendors will participate in child protection. We would be more than happy to demonstrate how this baby works and how to invent a device similar to this. divert contact Melissa Gardner at 1-800-777-2233 to set up a time for us to come direct to your restaurant and do a presentation for you.Please help to keep our children safe. We look forward to sense of hearing from you.

Job Satisfaction, Work Attitude Essay Example for Free

Job Satisfaction, Work Attitude actAs stated by Black (2001), teachers render is rising due to such grammatical constituents as great bound constraints, low salaries, excessive locomote overloads, lack of involvement in decision making and problems with check disciplines. Teachers suffer, due to in part of to the low-pay-high-cost-of-living gap. Decisions handed from the top down leave teachers feeling like to a greater extent trainers than educators. Teaching in low performing schools should be a rewarding experience, yet these schools be labeled failures. These are confounded as any(prenominal) educators are seen publicly lambasting opposites. The education lodge is on edge. With completely the finger pointing and name calling, it is a wonder teacher wad push this negativism out of their minds season they turn their full attention on their students (Nichols, 2006). Furthermore, a nationwide survey conducted by the Rural pillar Service of the University of Chica go reported in July 2006 that railway line satisfaction depends in any case such factors as the communitys attitude toward them and the schools, the quality of educational leadership, the amount of responsibility granted to teachers, adequate housing facilities, teacher welfare benefits, and others.In point of fact, there were signal improvements in teachers conditions of serving throughout the year. New or liberalized retirement plans were authorized by well over half the states, and class registrations were reduced to thirty in Maryland and Arkansas. In the Philippines, cardinal of the major problems in the Department of Education is the shortage of trained and adapted teachers. Major reason of this shortfall is that a number of trained teachers turn to other types of employment and some went abroad for greater employment opportunity.Generally, as ascertained that some teachers are disillusi sensationd, demoralized and confused at being forced to carry out unpopular Governmen t policies, while being constantly blasted for the societys ills. Some factors might have created dissatisfaction amongst teachers bequeath probably include references to discipline problems created by unruly pupils, class sizes, the introduction of the National Curriculum, and lowered professional status.Additional factors also include level of salaries and benefits, increased pee-pee-related pressures, like having too umpteen forms to be filled up, the here and now changes of different proposed programs of the department, the matter to over employment security like the most recently problem on the Government credential Insurance System (GSIS) and lessening support for education on the part of political opportunities. As mortal who has spent many years consorting as a schoolteacher at the same fourth dimension a School In charge in one of the schools in Davao City, and had continually work tight with teachers especially in the schools in the interland. I have observe that some teachers are somewhat supply up with having to teach children in even larger classes, working in schools which are dilapidated, underfunded and overstretched. Taking in to account that most of these teachers are working away from their home and family and could only go home weekly, or the least once a month due to the distance of the schools they are assigned. However, districts located in the hinterland such as Paquibato, had most number of teacher applicants every year.Reason of this scenario could be the fact that many teachers are applying for transfer to the nearby schools after a one or two years of service and that applicant could be hired easily. Nevertheless, some teachers had tenured in this district up to their retirement period and some had flourished and raised their professional status and positions. The ground for conducting this study is that it is intended to shed light on what influences how teachers feel round(predicate) their work and profession so that positive personal line of credit-related attitudes whitethorn be cultivated. Theoretical reasonThe Maslows hierarchy of requests speculation, a motivation scheme, laid the foundation for pedigree satisfaction theory. It is founded in the premise that goals or postulate underpin by being the fundamental source of all desires. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in vivification physiological needs, guard duty needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on (Evan,2010).According to Hackman Oldham (2007), Frederick Herzbergs Two factor theory (also known as Motivator Hygiene possibility) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different fact ors motivation and hygiene factors, respectively. An employees motivation to work is continually related to ruminate satisfaction of a subordinate. Motivation can be seen as an inner force that drives individuals to attain personal and organizational goals.Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people regard to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities. These motivating factors are considered to be inbred to the job, or the work carried out. Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environment such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions.However, Path-Goal Theory contends that the leader must motivate subordinates by (1) emphasizing the relationship betwixt the subordinates own needs and the organizational goals (2) clarifying and facilitating the path subordinates must take to fulfill their own needs as well as the organizations needs (goog le. com,2010) Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory (Jackson April 2007). Accordingly, it is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job.This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Moreover, a significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by herds grass A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine ones disposition towards job satisfaction self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism.This model states that higher(prenominal) levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in ones own competence) lead to higher work satisfa ction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as opposed to outback(a) forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction (Wikipedia,2010). Evans (2001), gives eight stages emanation for a teacher moving from a modest level of job satisfaction towards a higher level of job satisfaction towards which is laborsaving.These are the following first is being aware that there is a problem. Being aware that there is an issue, and agreeing what issue is, is by far the most important aspect of seeking to change a situation. Then devising a strategy. Once they know what the issue is that they are addressing they can start work on devising a strategy to solve it. It is followed by effecting the bran-new strategy. It instrument that once they have decided what to do, they have to start work on implementing this strategy. Fourth stage is awareness of having do changes wo rk. This implies that there is excellent communication in school.Next stage is perception that this is all worthwhile. By this stage everyone needs to start feeling better about the work being undertaken. Then 6th stage is each teacher needs to feel good about his or her own voice to the scheme of change. In this way, teachers become not only positive about the change programme, but they also see their contribution as being significant. Seventh is a sense of achievement. This comes from the feeling of a job well done. Lastly is job fulfilment and job comfort. By this stage teachers feel good about themselves and about the job and most important about their ability to affect their meaningful way.However, according to Weis, (2010) job satisfaction can also be seen within the broader context of the range of issues which affect an individuals experience of work, or their quality of working life. Job satisfaction can be understood in terms of its relationships with other key factors, s uch as general well-being, stress at work, control at work, home-work interface, and working conditions. assay as defined by Hans Selye, is the non-specific response of the bole to any demand made upon it. It is not uneasy tension, but the wear and tear of life.Stress describes the effects of the bodys reaction to pressure. The source of stress, called stressor, may be purely physiologic, social, or psychological. The mind may interpret it as pleasant or unpleasant. some(prenominal) meaning it gives, the mind sends it via two pathways. One pathway, is known as the subconscious appraisal pathway, is responsible for the physical and emotional reflexes of the body. The other pathway, responsible for voluntary actions, is used for perception, evaluation, and decision making. In this other pathway, the individual is made aware of the environmental demands.As he perceives his situation, he interprets it according to his previous experiences, value system, self-concept, ego-strengths , attitudes and feelings. Emotions are unremarkably aroused which in turn give color to the persons interpretation (Fabella, 2008). According to nigh(a) Health Handbook, life and stress are interwoven with each other. It depends on how you view life and how stress affects you. Stress is a extremely individual phenomenon. It is strange in its own way because when it occurs it becomes difficult for the body and mind to adjust to the pattern of life.However, Fabella stated in his book, that stress can be minimized and channelled for maturation and development, and life can be filled with joy, peace, love and security. He added accordingly, that stress- resilient people have been observed to have a specific set of attitudes toward life- an openness to change, a feeling of involvement in whatsoever they are doing, and a sense of control over events. He further said that man who places his total self in the sphere of work neglecting love (family) and play (sports, hobbies, socializ ing, friendships) decreases his overall adaptability.If he defines his existence in terms of achievement in his work, he will find that if for external reasons (i,e. , poor health) or boredom ( loss of interest or loss of faith in his employer) his work loses meaning, then so will his life. He will become demoralized, confused, and unable to function. Mayo Clinic stated that there is a link amid work approach and job satisfaction. Work is often approached from three perspectives. Usually all three perspectives are important for job satisfaction, but one is often the priority First is, Its a job.If you approach work as a job, you focus primarily on the financial rewards. In fact, the nature of the work may hold little interest for you. Whats important is the money. If a job with more pay comes your way, youll likely conk on. Next is, Its a career. If you approach work as a career, youre interested in advancement. You want to climb up the career ladder as far as possible or be amo ng the most highly regarded professionals in your field. Youre motivated by the status, prestige and power that come with the job. The third is, Its a calling.If you approach your job as a calling, you focus on the work itself. You work less for the financial gain or career advancement than for the fulfillment the work brings. One approach isnt necessarily better than the others. But it is helpful to reflect on why work if unsatisfied with the job and are ready to move on. estimate about what originally drew on the current job, and whether it may be a factor in lack of job satisfaction. Additionally, the Clinic noted several ways to increase job satisfaction depending on the vestigial cause of the lack of job satisfaction. One is by Improving job skills.Keeping abreast to the new strategies and techniques, and by attending seminars. Developing a new project also helps. Working on something one care about can boost confidence. Mentoring a co-worker. Once a job is mastered, it is a sightly routine. Helping a new co-worker or an intern advance his or her skills can doctor the challenge and the satisfaction you desire. However, when personal abilities do not match the responsibilities, boredom will attack. Keep in mind that boredom can literally be deadly if a job involves working with machinery or caring for people, much more on dealing with children.If the mind is wandering to the point that a life or the lives of others is put in jeopardy, take action now. Stay positive. Use positive thinking to reframe thoughts about the job. Changing ones attitude about work will not necessarily receive overnight or increase job satisfaction overnight. Stop negative thoughts. Put things in perspective. require for the silver lining. Reframing can help find the good in a bad situation. Learn from mistakes. affliction is one of the greatest learning tools, but many people let failure defeat them. Be grateful. Gratitude can help focus on whats positive about the job.

Gel Electrophoresis In Analysis Of Sickle Cell Genes

mousse Electrophoresis In Analysis Of Sickle mobile phone GenesThis experiment was carried out in order to outline a scheme for the investigation of Sickle Cell Gene Analysis and to find out and carry out the agarose colloidal jellyatine ionophoresis. Besides that, the importance of restriction enzyme and the utensil of the enzyme in separating the specific amino group group group acid grade were completely lowstood. The sever bands nonice on the colloidal gel electrophoresis from the experiment results was interpret and understood. The controls (tube A-C) and 3 deoxyribonucleic acid haves tube D (Mother), E (Unborn Child), F (Father) which was amplified and digested with the MST 11 enzyme was analysed for the sickle cell constituents victimisation gel electrophoresis. Once the electrophoresis apparatus and the gel were prepa vehement, the controls and the samples were loaded conse abbreviateively into the respective wells. The power source was prep argondness a t 125V and go forth to roll for 30 minutes. Following that, the gel was thence stained using the Ethidium banality staining card. The gel was left to stain for 15 to 20 minutes and was later observed under a UV Transilluminator. Tube B (control), D (Mother) and F (Father) was heterozygous for Sickle Cell infirmity, Hb AS whereas tube E (Unborn child) was homozygous for Sickle Cell Disease, Hb SS. Sickle Cell ingredient analysis is essential for reasons such(prenominal) as preparation of financial source to carry out sermon for the child if the child appears to be Hb SS. Treatments such as thrum bone marrow transplantation and riptide transfusion mint be done to manage and treat Sickle Cell Disease children. designSickle Cell Disease ( atomic number 110) is an transmissible ocellus disorder, characterized by the strawman of sickle shaped red argumentation cells ( type 1) (Wun and Hassell, 2009) (Oniyangi and Omari, 2006) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004).http//www.biologycorner.c om/anatomy/blood/sickle_cell_anemia2.jpgNormal healthy separates carries 3 main haemoglobins haemoglobin A (Hb A), Haemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) and Haemoglobin F (Hb F) (Wood et al, 1976). In Hb A, the glutamic acid (GAG) is situated on the 6th pip of the - globin cosmic string. Mutation of a single nucleotide (GAG to GTG) (Pan et al, 2007) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004) which takes place in the 6th position of the - globin concatenation (Figure 2) (Wun and Hassell, 2009) (Cleon et al, 2009) of Hb A results in the trunkation of Haemoglobin S (Hb S) which amazes element 110 (Pan et al, 2007) (Cleon et al, 2009) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004). The acidic (negative charged) glutamic acid is replaced by the polar (neutral) valine (Frenette and Atweh, 2007) (Cleon et al, 2009) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004).Sickle cell genes (autosomal recessive) are catching from the parents (Figure 3) (Frenette and Atweh, 2007) (Wun and Hassell, 2009). One copy of gene are passed take in from each parent to the fetu s, therefore, a fetus leave have 2 copies of genes to make the - globin. Heterozygous element 110 patients (carriers) (Hb AS) had inherited 1 copy of general gene and 1 copy of defective gene whereas homozygous darmstadtium patients (Hb SS) had inherited 2 copies of defective genes (Frenette and Atweh, 2007) (Makani et al, 2010) (Oniyangi and Omari, 2006). The amount of defective genes in heterozygous patients is insufficient to cause symptoms because they have a proportion of ordinary genes as well. (Makani et al, 2010). Therefore, most SCD carriers are unaware of the presence of Hb S in them. Homozygous SCD patients has insufficient usual genes therefore symptoms of SCD are clearly demonstrated by them (Makani et al, 2010) (Oniyangi and Omari, 2006).The image shows how sickle cell genes are inherited. A person inherits devil copies of the hemoglobin gene-one from each parent. A normal gene will make normal hemoglobin (A). An deviant (sickle cell) gene will make affected hem oglobin (S). When each parent has a normal gene and an abnormal gene, each child has a 25 percent chance of inheriting devil normal genes a 50 percent chance of inheriting one normal gene and one abnormal gene and a 25 percent chance of inheriting two abnormal genes.If both parents are carriers for SCD, the child has a 50% chance of being carriers, 25% chance of being homozygous for SCD and 25% chance of having 2 copies of normal genes (National Blood, Lung and Heart Institute).Sickle Cell gene analysis is an heavy screening test for a married couple. The fetus should be screened for SCD if one parent is a carrier for SCD (Tshilolo et al, 2008) (Streetly et al, 2009). It is important to ensure whether the child is heterozygous or homozygous for SCD for reasons such as financial preparation for treatment of the child (if child is homozygous for SCD) (Streetly et al, 2009) (Tshilolo et al, 2008).Sickle Cell gene analysis can be done using gel electrophoresis. The Deoxyribonucleic Ac id (desoxyribonucleic acid) sample can be obtained from white blood cells (in adults) and from the amniocentesis fluid (in fetus). The samples can then be amplified with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Rahimi et al, 2008) (Bruzzone et al, 2008). PCR produces copies of DNA which had been obtained from a small sample, to ensure the amount of sample is sufficient for the SCD gene analysis (Bruzzone et al, 2008) (VanGuilder et al, 2008).The figure DNA sample will then be digested with a restriction enzyme (Sasnauskas et al, 2007) (Rahimi et al, 2008), for instance MST 11. This enzyme take ins the CCT-GAG-G sequence of the amino acid on the - globin and will bind to cleave (cut) that DNA strand which it recognizes (Figure 4). Due to the electric switch of amino acid in SCD (CCT-GTG-G), the MST 11 enzyme can non recognize that mutated sequence so therefore, will non cut that mutated DNA strand (Sasnauskas et al, 2007). As a result, the normal genes will be cut by the enzyme and will become unmindful fragments whereas the sickle cell genes will be an uncleaved long fragment. The DNA from a normal individual (Hb AA), SCD carrier (Hb AS), and SCD homozygous individuals (Hb SS) produces fragments of contrasting sizes and lengths (Rahimi et al, 2008) after(prenominal) digested with the restriction enzyme.Figure 4 The picture on the (left) shows the sites recognized and would be cleaved by the restriction enzyme in a normal - globin allele, whereas the enzyme would not cut the altered - globin allele (SCD). The picture on the (right) shows the different fragments bands of different sizes and lengths demonstrated in a gel electrophoresis (www.bio.miami.edu)These fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis (Figure 4). Gel electrophoresis is used to separate molecules such as DNA by using an electric field applied to a gel matrix. Smaller DNA fragments are able to crush through the pores of the gel, compared to the larger fragments (Rahimi et al, 2008). The sickle cell genes (long fragments) will be slowest to carry on compared to the normal genes which had been cut (short fragments). The electrophoresis gel will finally be stained and observed under an Ultra Voilet Transilluminator to skyline the bands produced.This experiment was carried out in order to outline a scheme for the investigation of Sickle Cell Gene Analysis and to understand and carry out the agarose gel electrophoresis. Besides that, the importance of restriction enzyme and the mechanism of the enzyme in separating the specific amino acid sequence were completely understood. The fragment bands observed on the gel electrophoresis from the experiment results was interpreted and understood.MethodGel Bed PreparationThe open ends of a average and dry gel bed (casting tray) was closed by using a memorialize. The inches wide tape was encompassing over the sides, and the bottom edges of the bed. The extended edges of the tape were then folded back onto the sides and botto m. The contact points were pressed firmly to form a good seal. Next, the well former template (comb) was placed in the first set of notches at the end of the bed. The comb was placed firmly and evenly across the bed.Casting Agarose GelsAgarose gel (0.8g), concentrated pilot program (2ml of 50X), and distilled water (98ml) were added into a 250 ml flask to prepare the gel closure. The volume in the flask which gave the totality volume of 100 ml was marked with a marker pen. Next, the mixture was swirled to disperse the agarose powder clumps. The level of the resultant on the outside of the flask was indicated with a marker pen. The mixture was then alter to thaw the agarose powder. The flask was covered with a plastic wrap to minimize the evaporation rate. The mixture was then heated in high temperature for a minute. After that, the mixture was swirled every 25 seconds while it was heated in high temperature, until all the agarose was completely dissolved. The final solution pr oduced was clear (like water), without any undissolved particles in it. The agarose solution was then cooled to 550 C by swirling it carefully, so even dissipation of heat was promoted. Distilled water was added to bring the solution up to the original volume as marked on the flask when evaporation was detected. The interface of the gel bed sealed with the tape, was checked once the gel has cooled slightly to avoid leakage of the agarose solution. A careen pipette was used to deposit a small amount of cooled agarose solution to both ends of the bed and left for a minute for the agarose to solidify. Finally, the bed was placed on an even surface and the cooled agarose solution was poured onto the bed. The gel was allowed to completely solidify. The gel appeared firm and cool after approximately 20 minutes.Gel Preparation for ElectrophoresisThe tape was carefully and belatedly distant from the gel bed once the gel was completely solidified. The comb was slowly pulled straight up t o be removed. This was done carefully and evenly to prevent the sample wells from tearing. The gel (on the bed) was placed into the electrophoresis chamber, orientated properly and centred on a level and even platform. The 50X buffer was then diluted in distilled water to prepare a 500 ml of 1X buffer. Once the buffer was prepared, it was poured into the electrophoresis apparatus chamber. The gel was completely covered with the buffer. The samples were then loaded to conduct the electrophoresis, as discussed below.Loading of SamplesThe sample volumes were checked to ensure small amounts of samples were not clanged onto the walls of the tubes. The entire volume of the samples was ensured to be at the bottom of the tubes, in the beginning the gel was loaded with the samples. 25l of DNA samples from tubes A to F was loaded into the wells in a consecutive order (Table 1).Running the GelThe cover was snapped down carefully onto the electrode terminals after the DNA samples were loaded. T he negative and positive colour coded indicators on the cover and the apparatus chamber was properly orientated. The heap of the black wire was inserted into the black stimulation of the power source (negative input) and the plug of the red wire was inserted into the red input of the power source (positive input). The power source was set at 125V and the electrophoresis was conducted for 30 minutes. Bubbles observed on the two platinum electrodes indicated that the current was flowing properly. Once the electrophoresis was completed, the power was turned off and the plug was unplugged from the power source. The leads were disconnected and the cover was removed. The gel was removed from the bed to be stained with Ethidium platitude.Staining the GelAfter electrophoresis, the gel was placed on a flat surface and was moistened with several drops of the electrophoresis buffer. The Ethidium Bromide staining card adhesive was removed and placed onto the surface of the gel (where the wel ls were). Fingers were firmly run over the entire surface of the card several times. Once that has been done, an empty beaker or the casting tray was kept on top of the gel with the staining card to maintain good contact between the gel surface and the card. The gel was left to stain for about 15 to 20 minutes. The card was then removed from the gel surface and the surface of the gel was rinsed with the buffer. The gel was then examined on a Visible jobless Gel Visualization System or an Ultra Violet Transilluminator. The fragment bands formed on the surface of gel was observed, and interpreted.DiscussionBased on the results obtained, Sample A (Control for Normal Gene) had only 2 bands on the gel when observed under the UV Transilluminator. This is because, the restriction enzyme, MST 11 only cuts the amino acid sequence which it recognises. The MST 11 had cut the CCT- GAG- G sequence from the DNA strand of this normal Hb A gene. Therefore, two bands are formed instead of 1 band. The long fragment had now been cut to two short fragments. Since the MST 11 only recognises the CCT- GAG- G sequence which is on the beginning of the strand, this band appears shorter than the remaining band after it has been cut. Short fragments are able to squeeze through the gel pores easily compared to the longer fragments. Since glutamic acid (GAG) is negatively charged, and is therefore shorter than the remaining fragment, this fragment fails faster and further from the well towards the anode (positive terminal) compared to the remaining fragment.Sample D (Mothers DNA) had the homogeneous results as Sample F (Fathers DNA) and Sample B (Control for Sickle Cell Trait Gene). There were 3 bands observed on the gel under the UV Transilluminator. Since these samples are heterozygous for SCD (Hb AS), they have inherited 1 copy of normal gene and 1 copy of defective gene. The restriction enzyme did not recognize the sickle cell gene (CCT- GTG- G). Therefore, the MST 11 enzyme did no t cut that sequence. As a result, that fragment appeared to be 1 long fragment and could not easily squeeze through the pores of the agarose gel. As a result, this fragment was not able to move fast and further from the well. However, the MST 11 restriction enzyme recognised and had cut the normal gene which was present. Therefore, when the DNA strand was cut, two shorter fragments were formed which easily travelled through the pores and were able to travel away from the wells. The A gene with the shorter fragment travelled further compared to the remaining fragment.Sample E (Unborn Childs DNA) had the kindred results as Sample A (Control for Sickle Cell Anaemia Gene). Only 1 band was observed on the gel under the UV Transilluminator. Since the sample is homozygous for sickle cell (Hb SS), the baby had inherited 2 copies of defective gene from the parents. The restriction enzyme did not recognize the Sickle cell gene (CCT- GTG- G) and did not cut the DNA strand. As a result, the fr agment remained as 1 long fragment and was not able to squeeze though the pores of agarose gel easily. This fragment moved extremely slow and could not move very far from the wells. The inheritance pattern which had caused the child to be Homozygous for SCD had been discussed above (Figure 3).SCD can lead to complications such as anaemia, jaundice and stroke if left untreated (Pan et al, 2007) (Nagababu et al, 2008). This is because, when substitution of amino acid comes cod to the mutation, a new longitudinal polymer which has valine in the 6th position of the beta chain instead of glutamic acid is polymerized. Haemoglobin S is formed due to this. During hypoxia (less oxygen supply to tissues), aggregation of haemoglobin takes place due to the presence of the hydrophobic valine instead of the polar glutamic acid in the 6th position of the -globin chain (Cleon et al, 2009) (Stuart and Nagel, 2004). As a result, red blood cells with sickle shape which are fragile and not flexible are formed (Nagababu et al, 2008) (Pan et al, 2007) (Manchikanti et al, 2007).CUserscompaqDesktoprd_sicklecell.jpgFigure 5 The complications of Untreated Sickle Cell Disease (ICAGEN Ion Channel Advances, 2010)Children with SCD will normally be closely observed by a pediatrist in order to ensure they are healthy. These children will be subscribed with folic acid to be taken daily to stay healthy. Besides that, penicillin is also required in order to prevent them from getting illnesses due to their weak and immature immune system (Ndefo et al, 2009).Complications due to Sickle Cell DiseaseTreatment streptococcus Pneumoniae sepsisNewborn 5 years (Penicillin VK)2years and above (23- valent Streptococcus Pneumoniae polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23)Bone marrow Aplasia and megaloblastic erythropoiesisFolic acidStrokeBlood transfusionsPain EpisodesHydroxyurea(complete blood count monitored every 2 weeks, Hb F monitored every 6 -8 weeks, and serum chemistries monitored every 2- 4 weeks)Other than that, hydroxyurea are also given to children with SCD. Hydroxyurea workings by activating the fetal haemoglobin production to replace the production of Haemoglobin S which results in SCD (Ndefo et al, 2008). Children with SCD who has a high risk for ontogeny stroke, will be given blood transfusion frequently (Vichinsky et al, 2007) (Kirkham, 2007). A blood transfusion replaces the sickle cells with normal red blood cells which leads to a good supply of oxygen to the brain, which will reduce the chances of stroke in children (Kirkham, 2007) (Nagababu et al, 2008). Unfortunately, blood transfusions causes atomic number 26 surcharge in the body because the body lacks mechanism to excrete iron (Vichinsky et al, 2007). An overload of iron results in iron deposition in various organs which can be fatal if untreated (Vichinsky et al, 2007). Therefore, children with regular blood transfusions will be given chelating agents (Vichinsky et al, 2007) such as desferrioxamine to excrete iron from the body through the water system and faeces.Bone marrow transplantation is the only cure for SCD (Ndefo et al, 2008). The affected bone marrow will be replaced with a closely matched Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) bone marrow from a healthy individual (Ndefo et al, 2008). Bone marrow transplants enables, new and normal healthy red blood cells to be produced. The disadvantages of bone marrow transplantations are the occurrence of Graft Versus- Host Disease (GVHD). Based on the study by Ndefo et al (2008), it was suggested that there will be an 85% chance of survival free from SCD, 7% chance of developing bone marrow transplant complications and a 9% chance of GVHD failure rate with a bone marrow transplant procedure.ConclusionAs a conclusion, gel electrophoresis is found to be an comminuted way to aid in the analysis of sickle cell genes. Using gel electrophoresis, many samples can be analysed at the same time, and its results are specific and accurate. The disadvantages of this method are that analytical errors might occur due to the large amount of sample handling and it is costly. Although it is costly, this method can increase the awareness of the carriers of SCD about the presence of Hb S in them, which can aid in their future family planning. Children with homozygous SCD, can be prevented from suffering from SCD complicatio