Macroeconomic questions Essay

1. In America heavy-duty street cleaning machines driven by one person because the government is able to effort to defend the machinery. In other countries they dont have the resources to invest there money in machinery and they have people cleaning with brooms. Labor is cheaper then compensable a machinery and spending money on gas as well. 2. The basic question facing any society does technology that play the greatest role, How atomic number 18 these goods and services to be produced?. Technology plays one of the biggest roles because goods are produced with machinery. 3. PPF that is concave shows a more genuine production possibilities and the PPF is bowed out from the origin because opportunity be rise and more factors are used. 4. Unemployment is shown on the PPF by the line shifting to the left due to the fact that the production would decrease.5. Three factors that idler contribute to an deliverys growth would be increasing labor, increase in population, and capital accu mulation. 6. A country would still be able to benefit from trade because they can produce goods at a lower cost and be able to use inputs of other products of which they traded. 7. 7. The main concept of the video was mainly specialization. This is how things have ameliorate in productivity it displays that everything in the world plays propose. The video used an example of making hamburgers, the restaurant has employees and each has there own job, with everyone doing theyre jobs hamburgers are produced express and more efficiently. The employees are basically the motor of the restaurant, which make them an important factor.

Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

5th November 2007A dress dget to capital of South Carolina University and the chaotic aftermathAfter universe wholeowed to address the Columbia University, Persian hot seat Mohamed Ahmadnijan showed a r atomic number 18 char strikeer and a high compress of social hardness. He blasted the American society and saying there was no gays in Iran. The grapheme leader of the republic of Iran is seen as a controversial and as an inspiration in the extremist movement. His put shoot and virtues that aim at drawing bulge need to wipe Israel out of the map and to destabilise the due west through all aspects of concerted violence and extremist principles, patently resonate as great and argon indicative of what the extremism followers should look up at in a leader. He has funded terrorist organizations and helped the insurgency in Iraqi with a purpose of frustrating the western and the effort of the international community to stabilise Iraqi.Insults to the UN and the USThe Iranian le ader dismissed the United Nations and ridiculed its authenticity and legitimacy. What he implied was the inability of insurance at bottom the structures of the UN and project the US as the sole decision maker at the body. This view is myopic and absurd. He launched a critical attack on the US at Columbia University.Controversial pillowcase and intentionsHis cut back to Columbia University on s casefuleenth September 2007 has further transformed the leader to a major scourge to the Wests family with the nerve centre East and other Muslim countries. Mohamed received a hostile reception at the University. His visit within a literally approach was designated to be a symbolic truce with the Wests culture and system tho due to a rigid perspective on him and the commonplace spot and general perception, Ahmednijads aims and objectives were not understood.He realised within his faculties, the hatred and fear the American nation regarded him with. subsequently he saw how ready the W est was to at any chance to get rid of him. prudence came to a dead end with the senate at Columbia coming under criticism for allowing him to address the University gathering. Ahemdnijan was mark a holocaust denier and a perpetrator of terrorism. The Columbia University president termed him as an intellectual mind circle and an un-educated leader. This is the hatred Ahmednijad saw and felt in the United States Columbia University. His behaviour and character as seen in context before this was not focussed on neither intonation nor abhorrent ethos towards America but symbolic and reaching out moves which in the same context were not seen nor recognized by the American society.What sparks this controversial and dislike towards the Iranian leader is the fanatical and anti West fanaticism in him, too his strategic positioning of Iran as a pillar of Islamic extremism, consistent attacks on American abroad insurance policy and blasting of diplomatic efforts to end the thermo ther monuclear standoff which has invoked sanctions on Iran.In reciprocation to this animus Ahmednijan desire to commence his fall back position through diplomacy. He replied in a high-principled perspective.He confronted within the same schematic approach the Americans had done. He questioned the integrity of the Columbia University president Mr Bollinger and subsequently claimed the rights of Iran to own nuclear weapons just as the West owned. According to Anthony F and Robin W., (2007) Ahmadinejad, who in the past has argued that Israel should be wiped off the map, repeated his assertions that the Holocaust should be enquiryed from different perspectives and said Palestinians should not be paying the impairment for an raset they had nothing to do with. The Iranian leader also blasted U.S. sanctions against his country, insisted on Irans right to nuclear development and declared his willingness to dialogue with U.S. leaders. His behaviour by then was characterized with apt critici sm of the West hypocrisy and desire to see that they managed the greater global policies. He repeated that the holocaust needed to e researched. The aftermath was an onslaught on his sanity and audacity as a leader.Diplomacy and amnestyAhmednijad might be in possession of opted to appease Americans through diplomacy. There are many issues within the history of the West problem with Iran. both view each other as a threat to the others interest only that the West is autonomous, militarily stronger and more strategic economically and politically. Iran is only a minnow with more strategic position within religious lines and political-religious positions.This aspect has spared it the possible military strike by Americans. Although the United States has been more cautious with Iran, the foundation of France in the anti Iran sentiment and the promise of military action as an eventuality add panache to the West desire to stop Irans strategic position growth. Ahmednijad wants to boot ou t he is the key to the Middle East problem since he represents the radical ness and the extremist policies the Islamic community.The Iranian leader acted in speed to show his stand and diplomatic aspects as a leader. He advised his government to spare a Californian businessman Ali Shekri who had been jailed in Iran. He morally was seeking retribution and sought to justify desire to establish peace and cohesiveness. But due to the abrasiveness and blindness of the American lawmakers and leaders, the Iranian leader saw no relenting. Subsequently his general issued a statement that insinuated that Iran was more militarily settle down and ready. There was also the launch of two air aim aircrafts which symbolised the industrialised and military power of Iran. This was an act of provoking the international community especially the United States.His character complexity and moral perspectivesHowever his character is seen as more re-proactive and meant to seek the elasticity of the Ameri cans hate and military options against Iran. The Iranian leader was ready to visit the plant zero. This would relieve oneself been a symbolic and a significant gesture. He was to lay a wreath and believably make a speech. However the tensions after the Columbia University incident would render the entire visit for him dangerous.There were emotions and protests were all over. University students and civilians were on the streets chanting anti him. This was enough reason to refuse him the chance to go to the Ground-zero. But contextually, what was the origin of his intentions? Why would such an anti American leader wish to make a symbolic visit to a place where people from his religion and community killed thousands of innocent lives? This makes the Iranian leader controversial. In the event of a visit, no wonder Ahmednijads comments and sentiments would be more controversial than his remarks about the Jewish holocaust. He mght have justified jihad and the death of these people. H e might have projected the Palestinian deaths within this view as what the Americans paid with the September 11.Further within this issue, Ahmednijan could not be a target of American extremists, obviously they dont exist, and hence, he was not amused that, it was only a matter of distaste and the hate American legislators felt for him. It might be obvious he knew he could never get a chance to visit ground zero but confirming it through seeking the permission to is outward and provocative. This as seen within an academic perspective is a character that is seeking to find leeways and fissures in the American society and government so as to achieve personal goals. These goals are two-way-traffic. The Iranian leader might be seeking to make peace and embrace American foreign policy and become part of the international community, or is acting with impunity as an agent of the large extremist area to learn and find weakness in the American system.Worry and pessimism in Iranian leaderT hough exuding confidence, the Iranian leader projected fear and desperacy to avert a war crisis. His intentions in the United States depict this character. The leaders is troubled and more in a quagmire than in good stead. Most probably he is worried by the French Foreign minister Bernard Kouchner remarks that France should prepare for war if Iran makes nuclear weapons, a sentiment shared by the United States. Ahmednijan might have weighed his options And saw he could not counter such brute force militarily. He knows the strength of Maericans through the Iraqi conflict but knows nothing of the French.Through visiting such a prestigious government funded Columbia University. David J (2007) argues that the Iranian president has been in a cage, he wants out but what he does every time he leaps up is to hang on in even when his foot is outside. He escalates in his justification of his country having nuclear power Ahmednijan asserts in his Columbia interviews that reservation nuclear, c hemical and biological bombs and weapons of mass destruction is yet another result of the misuse of science and research by the big powers. What can a perpetual nuclear umbrella threat achieve for the interest of humanity? If nuclear war wages between nuclear powers, what human catastrophe will take place?So were quite clear on what we need. If the US has created the fifth generation of atomic bombs and are testing them already, what position are you in to question the peaceful purposes of other people who want nuclear power? We do not believe in nuclear weapons, period. It goes against the whole grain of humanity. I ideate the politicians who are after atomic bombs, or testing them, making them, politically they are backward, retarded.This seems a outline to appease the American public on the Iranian nuclear intentions so as to pre-empt the French threat and be left with the US animosity and military intervention plans. Ahmednijad shows fear and strategic shift of his policy o n nuclear weapons. This way the public debate transforms from the context of his violating the proliferation faculties and embracing religious backed extremes.Going to Columbia is an insignia of his acknowledgement of American education and federal system.He is trying to be identified with the community and seeks to tone down his strong desire to be vocal against these institutions and instead be seen as a moderator of policies. He wants to prove his actions and statements are basically intended to mend and project positive perspectives in the interest of the Iran and the Middle East.His character raises the storms at home where his popularity is waning drastically. He is seen as an Islamic leader rather than a president of a republic. He is not dwelling on domestic issues but constantly criticizing the West and the Israelis. His actions do not represent the majority of his supporters and political cronies as more pressure mounts on Iran making military strikes inevitable. Though hi s approach to popularity is myopic, he is a symbol of Islamic rise against Western imperialism. Noor, M., (2006)SourcesNoor Mohamed 2006 Ahmednijads go popularity in the domestic front. Daily Nation Kenya

Secret River

Shaira Sanchez 05/09/12 Shaira Sanchez 05/09/12 The Secret River by Kate Grenville Essay excuse the way that narrative devices guide been employed by an author to construct a representation of the great unwashed or centers in at least one text that you have studied. You must make proper(postnominal) reference to The Secret River. One of Australias finest writers Kate Grenville wrote The Secret River which challenges traditional g give uper roles of women in the early 19th century London and Australia.The novel has challenged the female stereotype in a patriarchal society with the strong female character of Sal Thornhill. Sal has been the brains of her family finished their tough quantifys in London and their settlement in Sydney. Sal is the wife of William Thornhill, a convict. The memory of how the gentry treated Thornhill pushed him to figure himself up into the foreign land of Australia to gravel same that gentleman he had served once back in London, in the water of Tha mesthe one with the ply and the one who looked down on him who represents the working class.His determination to set off a space for himself in the foreign land eventually fundamentd him and some of the settlers in direct opposition to the Aboriginal nation by their desire to finally have control on their own lives. The use of a abundant range of narrative devices in The Secret River has vividly taken the readers back to the 19th century where function and wealth determines a mans position in the society. Sal Thornhill has been constructed in The Secret River as a strong female character who challenges traditional gender roles in the early nineteenth century in the main when women were biologically, socially and intellectually inferior.Although Sal was raised in a quite comfortable lifestyle, she still has managed to cope with the sad events in her life as a m opposite and as a wife. We see through with(predicate) Thornhills limited omniscient demonstrate of intellection t hat Sal would have to brighten herself up because they both knew that Sal would have to commotion her service in the cold streets of London to support her familys financial needs, while Thornhill was convicted for theft. Sals astounding sacrifices did non just end in London.Her character even became stronger when they settled in a place that nothing Thornhill had ever seenwhere trees were tortured formless things that looked half dead and when Christmas was during the hot days of summer. Women in that time were normally perceived as housekeepers and child-bearers. However, Sal did not just take care of her family emotionally and physically, just now financially as well At the end of each week Sal would count up the takings, from Thornhills work on the water and from her own selling liquor, and hide them away in a box. which is evident through the descriptive language used.As a migrant myself, I understood Sals attitude towards the new purlieu that she was in. It wasnt a activ ate of her plan, but she accepted the circumstances and lived with it half- tendernessedly. Although her heart was always re judicial decisioning her of stem, her mind and body still endured the harsh conditions, all for her family. It wasnt the usual approach of women back in the nineteenth century to stand up for her family instead of the husband. However, Sals character was constructed to challenge the representation of women during that time by being the provider and the child-bearer all at once.Sal, her family, and the other settlers encountered the otherness once they arrived in Sydneywhich had dickens assorted representations as a race in The Secret River. Australia was not an empty land when the Thornhills and the white settlers arrived. They were not expecting people living in that type of place for thousands of years. These people were as strange as the place through the settlers perception. There was one who hung about the Thornhills hut and entertained them, dressed o nly with a faded-pink punk on his head in trade for food and a sip of rum.They called him unsmooth Bill who represents the open natives. His drunkenness and his visual aspect symbolises the detrimental impact of colonialism to the Aboriginals. The other sort of native were the invisible ones who stayed away from the settlement. They were represent through Long Jacks strong character. The settlers did not initially affect them, but they adage them as snakes or the spiders, not something that could be guarded against which symbolises as a threat to their dreams. The blacks, on the other hand had a different view of what the settlers referred to as stealing.Their belief is that nobody owns the land, not them, not the settlers. This clash of beliefs has lead to the novels climax, the massacre, where the invisible became visible. The way Thornhill addresses the natives and were given English label symbolises Thornhills attitude being Eurocentric. Thornhill did not want to be engage d to the natives, but he himself introduce the European traditions on them. The settlers did not have the resembling beliefs towards the blacks, just like the natives were to them which also lead to ii different representationsone that respects the otherness and one that doesnt.A huge contrast in the characters was made in the novel between Blackwood and Smasher. Blackwood was described as a huge deep and wordless man who had a rough dignity about him. He believed in the concept of give a little, take a little in terms of dealing with the blacks. While Smashers appearance was constructed as a naked-looking face without eyebrows and always craves for attention that is evident through his dialogue that he had not seen the event (rage) personally but spreads the story anyway. He believed in the concept of whips and biters. There was no wholeness respect that was given to the blacks from Smasher.Of all the characters, Blackwood has the greatest knowledge and appreciation of the Abo riginals and even lived with an Aboriginal woman and had a child. Smasher did live with one as well, but he referred to her as his black bitch. Although the settlers had the same trusts of finding a better life in Australia, they still ended up on two different paths due to the contrast on their attitude towards the Aboriginals. William Thornhills character was not constructed consistently in The Secret River as his attitudes and values towards Australia and the Aboriginals changed throughout the novel.Through Thornhills limited omniscient point of view, we sympathise with him by the way the gentry treated him as a waterman in the lower class. He had worked unenviable but his efforts were not appreciated, thus, pushed him to steal that lead him in his deportation to Australia. Thornhill and the majority of the convicts found a hope for a better life in Australia. It was what they have always longed forto own a land, to finally have something they can call their own. Thornhills c hange n values was revealed through his dialogue, Forgetting your manners are you, Dan Oldfield he said to an old friend who he chose as one his servants. He became hungry for power and bureau when he had a taste on what it was like to be on go through of the others on top of his fellow settlers, on top of the Aboriginals.Thornhill has spoken to the Aboriginals the way the gentry did to him Old Boy, he started. He conceive of the sound of that. Thornhill and some of settlers saw the blacks as a hindrance to their one last chance to light upon their ultimate dream, like when Sagitty suggested to get them before they get us. He has been successful in this goal but behind the high walls of his villa, was an unfulfilled William Thornhill after losing his friends and ultimately, his son Dick, who sympathise to the indigenous way of life. He became like the gentry, but not quite. He possessed the land, the house, the servants, but not the respect. The scars of his past were embedded on his rearWilliam Thornhill, who was once a waterman, illiterate and an ex-convict. The Secret River has diverse representations of gender, class and race that have been successfully constructed in each character through the use of narrative devices.Sal represents those women who stood up for their family, in spite of the tagged inferiorities strengthened by the society through the years especially in the nineteenth century and the earlier times. Scabby Bill and Long Jack represent the two different approach of their race on closure of the Europeans. Their values differ, just as the settlers views had towards them. Blackwood amongst all the others respects the Aboriginals, while Smasher had no heart for these people and treated them like animals.William Thornhill as the novels protagonist did not have a certain representation. His whole character was constructed based on his life back in London that resulted in a change of values as he found himself flourishing in his new Home. This novel lets the readers engage themselves in each of the representations effectively through Thornhills limited omniscient point of view. We tend to judge the differences in gender, in every class and in every race through what the society has already built on people as time goes by.However, Kate Grenville gave us a wider view of how each of these people ended up the way they were before, and the way they are in present time. As a migrant myself, I can compare myself with Sal, above all the characters. Migration wasnt a part of our plan, but if that leads us to a better life, why not endure the circumstances? At the end of the day, every sacrifice and effort pass on be worth it. However, I believe that I will never end up the way Thornhill had a wealthy man with a villa, without a ataraxis of mind.

The Difference Between a Figurative and a Literal Analogy

Literal likeness rags a direct comparison between objects, pile or events. On the early(a) hand, figurative affinity compares the relationship between objects, people or events. An use of Literal affinity A self-defense guide made me able to defend myself it will make you able to defend yourself. The meaning of the sentence is that self-protection training has helped me to protect myself, in the equal focusing it will help you in protecting yourself against any danger.The sentence mentions the importance of a self-defense black market for the two individuals. The Literal affinity is re-written as a Figurative Analogy As a finish of sharp spine help a Porcupine to defend it against predators, similarly a self-defense course will help you as it has helped me in defending yourself against any danger. The two types of analogies are Literal Analogy and Figurative analogy. Whereas, Literal Analogy compares two objects similar in nature, Figurative analogy shows the relations hip between two objects that are of different kind.For example, Literal Analogy uses precedence as a warrant for a particular do. The meaning is that an earlier case is quoted in order to justify a current action and it works because the earlier and current cases are essentially alike Sarah listens to music at high speed, so why puke I? Here it is implied that Sarah and I are more or less the same so we should have the same privilege. Figurative Analogy however does not directly compare two objects, rather shows the relationship that is contained in the theme and the phoros.The theme is what we want to convey and phoros is the thing which is used to throw out light on the theme As the tiger selects claws for its internal needs, so does America need defense to meet domestic concerns. Here, America needs its defense to meet its domestic concerns is the theme and As the Tiger needs its claws for its internal use is the phoros. Figurative analogy effectively employs persuasion and Literal Analogy is logical. We should remember that Figurative Analogy do not have the same force as a Literal Analogy as a Literal Analogy compare objects that posses similar characteristics.On the other hand, Figurative Analogy is a story and sometimes a metaphor created to compare dissimilar characteristics. This analogy helps to explain complex concepts by comparing them to familiar things. Figurative analogy provides a week traffic pattern of evidence than Literal Analogy as the objects compared are inherently different. Nevertheless, figurative analogies give vivid pictures and makes precept easy. Also, figurative analogies help to make your speech emotionally appealing. The superiority of one analogy against another can only be judged on the basis of the purpose behind the two analogies.Figurative Analogy does not give sound conclusion but the argumentation of Literal Analogy has its merit. Figurative Analogy that compares irrelevant things has the power to explain and the power to arouse emotions but it is not logical in nature. Literal Analogy which compares two like things, have the power of logic behind it. If the purpose is to give logical reasoning and sound conclusion, Literal Analogy is better. However, if the purpose is to clarify any complex concept and evoke emotions, Figurative Analogy is better.

Elections and Democracy

options have widely been real as major tool for telling the allow for of the people about the political administration in a elected say. It can be tell that resources argon a form of direct body politic as well as a democratic lastway to a representative g all overnment .The concept of democracy, electoral schemas and political parties is cardinal to the modern carry but at the same time difficult to define. This subsidization will attempt to explain these concepts and amplify the significance of electoral organisations as a key pre essential for democracy.Elections and Democracy Commenting on the concept of democracy, Makinda held that democracy can be seen as a way of government firmly rooted in the belief that people in a fellowship should be assuage to determine their own political, social, economic and cultural frames.1 From the aforegoing, it can be said that the concept of democracy is used to describe a political system designed to widen the participatio n of ordinary citizens in government, the powers of which are clearly defined and particular(a). The building pillars of any democratic political systems remain without any doubt, elections which are seen as the nigh critical and visible means finished which all citizens can peacefully look at or remove their leaders,2 In early(a) words, elections are the principal instruments that compel or encourage indemnity patch uprs to pay attention to the electorate (citizens)3 It follows that in a democratic dispensation elections require the existence of a system that allows citizens to kick in a political decision by ballot for competing candidates fielded by various political parties holding divergent views and providing different alternatives .In this slip-up, political foe is held to be legal, legitimate and somewhat necessary because in that respect will be no real test of the competence of the reigning party without the opposition in elections. It is generally hold amo ng political scientists that peerless of the key elements of a healthy democracy is the existence of an enduring opposition that critically checks the day to day activities of the belief party.4 The opposition parties address out defects in the ruling parties public policies and make alternative proposals hoping that the voters will entrust them with power in four ,five or six years time. The opposition takes on the role of essentially being a government in waiting.5 It can be said that in anypolitical system the litmus test for democracy will be by default ,the peaceful changeover of the reins of governmental power with the opposition winning elections and constituting a government with the ruling party quietly accepting the result and non responding with violence and intimidation .A notable case is that of Zimbabwe, where the ruling party accepted its defeat in the first round of the elections of March 2008 with trepidation and almost at once resorting to absurd retribution . 6 It is with this in mind that the electoral system of any state takes centre grade .whether it allow the general populance to exercise their choice during elections or the system favours those currently in power. Electoral musical arrangementsAt its 51st school term in June 2002, the Venice Commission for Democracy through Law adopted a number of standards which define the democratic running of elections. These were summarised in a CODE OF GOOD PRACTICE IN ELECTORAL MATTERS (Guidelines and Explanatory Report).7 These European standards were typefaceted in two groups the first group, Principles of Europes Electoral Heritage, includes five basic dominions which are universal suffrage, equal suffrage, secret vote and direct elections .The European commission further adds the characteristic semestrial elections to the five principles.8. The jiffy group is conditions for implementing the principals menti unmatchedd in the first group .These include respect for fundamental rights , high regulatory level and stability of objective electoral law ,procedural guarantees containing organization of elections by an independent body, observers at elections and an heart and soulive system of appeal . Based on the principles mentioned and the absolutely necessary conditions for implementing these principles, the Commission made the pursual very bold conclusion Electoral System. Within the respect of the above mentioned principles, any electoral system may be chosen.9. It is very clear that elections and the functions performed thereby are vital and hence require systemizing and institutionalizing. This is achieved through the electoral system. The electoral system so consists of the legal rules, techniques and frame civilise whereby voters express their political will by axial motioning votes for the purpose of constituting the representative government bodies in a state. Therefore a balanced election system which contains and implements the principles of univers al, equal and direct suffrage with secret voting is a mandatorytechnique of establishing and maintaining a democratic state. The electoral system is thus a critical factor in that it puts into motion the principles of Election Law as a branch of the effective objective law of the state.In applying any type of electoral system to a state, the following factors have to be analysed and answered I. The legal and technological aspect Finding the formula and legal techniques which will ensure those who are governed are best represented in the public way institutions, in the process assimilating them into those who govern. The question would therefore be how to achieve proportionateity of the votes cast and the mandates they are converted into having at the same time a stable government? II. The political aspect How to have the election system reflect accurately the separate exercise of power in the state and promote citizens interest at the same time?The heart of democracy in a state de pends on the implementation of an electoral system because the will of the sovereign people designates through election of legitimate representatives who in turn are responsible before the people and supervise the Executive and the court and are responsible before the electorate in periodical and definitive elections.Types of Electoral Systems Electoral systems are by no means uniform and identical and the selection of one type or a combine of electoral system depends on a number of heavy variables. The legal theory10 ascertains that the general indicators of the election system are in two categories the first category includes those factors which concern the election organization, implementation and procedures of the elections these include the constituencies, the reserve of candidates and methods of voting.The second category provides for the rules related to the counting of the votes and the diffusion of mandates that is, the valuation of given votes. When considering the di fferent electoral systems honest in different countries, this paper will mainly concentrate on the second category (on the distribution of mandates) because this the defining factor of the electoral system and according to Professor Drumeva, it runs in two floors The first compass point is the distribution of mandates in the midst of the constituencies that isimplemented before the voting, in most cases, is a subject of legislation.The second stage is the distribution of mandates between the participating political parties/ and independent candidates if it is foreseen, the second stage is the decisive one.11 Electoral systems are broadly grouped into major categories with their own variations the plurality system, the volume system and the proportional representation system.Plurality System Also known as the first-past-the-post or winner-takes-all system originated in Medieval England and has a centuries old history. This system is based on territorially demarcated single membe r constituencies, with the candidate or party getting the greater number of votes winning in only one round even if the proportion of votes does not imbed a volume.12The electoral system currently used in Zambia is modeled on the plurality system. denominations 63(2)13 and 77(1)14 of the system of Zambia15confirm that the Parliamentary elections and based on direct adult franchise, first past the post constituency elections.The President of Zambia is evenly elected by plurality through universal adult suffrage as provided for under Article 34(8)16 of the Constitution. The major advantage of the plurality system is that of personal choice. This seems to be so because votes cast for individual candidates or personalities. A notable relationship between electors and the elected is since established. Another positive for the first-past-the-post system is that it is very sincere and easy to understand. In a first past the post system, elections turn into a decision of who will be t he ruling party and who will be in opposition.In addition, the plurality system is considered to be less(prenominal) costly than other more complex systems. The first past the post formula which is practiced in Zambia, as a decisive principle of the plurality system has a concentrating and integrating on the electorate and the society in general. This effect is regarded as both a big summation and big minus. Proponents of the plurality system, point out that it ensures a working parliament and a stable, in most cases, single party government. piece this may seem to be convenient, the advantages of the plurality system are offset by the most important disadvantage which critics call non-representativeness. This is because all votes cast for the losing candidate are lost and remain unrepresented.Murithi cites the system as constituting both a structural inadequacy and an obstacle to democracy in Africas highly ethnicised political science as the votes cast for losers are considered wasted in the sense that they do not serve as effective instruments for expressing voters will.17 This assertion holds true for Zambia, where there are ten provinces and seven major tribes among over 70 ethnicities countrywide. Besa18 seems to allude to this assertion and criticizes the first past the post system as a means of electing a president by advancing the argument that in the Zambian scenario where Bemba speaking people account for over 45% of the population, he observed that if the plurality system is maintained, in the near future, all presidents in Zambia will be elected from that particular region. This will undoubtedly lead to tribal tension as the other ethnicities will feel left-out of the countrys leadership.Furthermore, opponents of the first-past-the post system regard the so called integrating effect of the system as a defect which encourages extremities in the electorates behavior, either through voter stillness and political interference or violent contests with unforeseeable results. Critics of this system19 have proposed supplementary votes and proportional representation to be adopted in Zambia as a means of enhancing democracy by the increasing the participation of little parties in the legislature.The Majority System The mass system is a modification of the plurality system that ensures that a candidate only wins if he or she receives an absolute bulk of the votes cast in the election that is one more than fifty percent of the votes cast.20 There are two variations of the majority system, namely the supplementary voting and the re-run system. In the re-run system, if none of the candidates contesting the initial votes attains more than 50% of the votes cast, the electorate are given an opportunity to choose between the top two candidates through a second round of voting known as the re-run.Where a candidate manages 50 % plus one vote or more in the first round, a second round of voting will not be required. The supplementary vot ing system is some(prenominal) similar to a re-run because it also operates on the basis of elimination.21 In this scenario, the top two contenders would share thesecond preferences of the remaining candidates. The candidate that emerges with most votes after the allocation of preference votes have been allocated is declared the winner.Examples of countries which use the majority system in presidential elections are France, Liberia and Zimbabwe. In the last election held in France, in February 2012, a total of ten presidential candidates contested the first round of polling with none of them reaching the 50% plus one required to claim an outright victory, the top two contenders, namely Francois hollande and the incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy contested the re-run. Hollande managed to gather up 51,62% of the second round vote compared to Nicolas Sarkozys 48,38% to be declared President of France.The undeniable advantage of the majority system, is that unlike the plural system, it places power on a candidate who can garner support from the majority and not one elected on ethnic lines. This system effectively eliminates questions of legitimacy which is a major criticism of the plurality system. Proponents of the system like Besa, contend that the majority system operates in accordance with the tenets of democracy, where the majority rules.Proportional Representation System Its name is derived from the word proportion, which refers to the correlation between two values. This system treats the entire state as one constituency or provides for multimember constituencies. The purpose of this system is to ensure that all political parties are guaranteed a place in the legislatures. The system attempts to relate the allocation of seats as closely as affirmable to the distribution of votes. Under the proportional representation system, there are two variables namely the single assignable vote and the party list system. The single transferrable vote emphasizes the personal r ather than the territorial principle and provides for a candidate to obtain a quota of votes which is approximately the number of votes equal to the total votes cast split up by the number of seats to be filled.This system is applied in the United States of America for the presidential election where a winning candidate is supposed to garner a certain number of electoral college votes to be declared the winner. With the party list system, it is practically im attainable for one political partyto surmount the legislature because even the smaller parties participating in elections are allowed, through their representatives in the legislature to express their views. In addition, proportional representation is economical in that, in the case of an early vacating of mandate, the seat is interpreted by the next candidate on the list. In an event that the candidate list is exhausted, the seat stay vacant until the next general election. In this way, no efforts or expenses are incurred t o conduct by-elections as is the case with a plurality system.However, the proportional representation system under the party list system does not concern itself with majority rule but only concerns itself with issues of participation of political parties in the process of governance, thus its widespread use in countries with two legislative sleeping rooms like the United States of America and its limited use in countries with a single legislative chamber. Besa observes that the party list system is not warning for elections to the legislature of a country with a single chamber, but rather, proposes the establishment of a second chamber in the legislature for the system to be implemented in Zambia.We can therefore conclude that there is no electoral system which is totally good from every angle. Each system has its own advantages and drawbacks, which take off in magnitude on what function fulfilled by the electoral system is put to the fore. somewhat writers have propagated the use of a combination of electoral systems so as to advance democracy. Mulenga Besa, in his book, Constitution, boldness and Democracy suggests that for democracy to thrive in Zambia, a combination of the fifty percent plus one majority and the proportional representation system under the party list formula should be employed.For this to work he suggests a Fifty percent plus one system to elect the president and proportional representation to be used to elect members of the Legislature in a two chamber system. The discourse presented in this assignment made no pretence of comprehensiveness and the suppositions that that re affirm the idea that hard democracy demands more than just the conducting of elections without choice or caricature of elections.For democracy to flourish, it requires the careful selection of the fairest and most efficient electoral system which should mainly ensurethe systematic and regular conduct of elections, the non-discriminatory allocation of votes and b roadest possible representation of all political parties. It also requires the sustainability of de-ethnicised political parties which are diligently involved in mobilizing favourite support thereby linking the demands of all citizens in forming either a reasonably institutionalized government or convincingly effective opposition.

Running Head: Substance abuse in prisons.

In approximately prison house houses in the world, alcohol dependence is the most prevalence substance abuse. most(prenominal) prisoners ar said to depend on alcohol and medicines, to relieve stress and tension. This has been linked to the fact that most inmates ar imprisoned for drug related offences. These criminals are believed to introduce drugs and alcohol in prison. The majority of the prison population has shown some evidence of substance abuse. In Canada, research has shown that at least(prenominal) 7 10 inmates have engaged in activities of drug and alcohol abuse.The use of drugs and alcohol in prisons is highly spreading. research has shown that women have more severe substance abuse problems than men. They have also shown a tendency of be involved in hard drugs such as cocaine and heroine than men. These women also have a high rate of injection drug use than men, at approximately 91%.Heroin is the type of drug ill-treat by most inmates in tell apart prisons of Toronto and Montral, while in Atlantic Canada alcohol and cocaine are the most abused. Alcohol and drugs are obtainable in almost all prison facilities in the world. look studies have shown that drug trade is much more rampant and violent in the prison than on the street. Despite the efforts to eliminate drugs in prison inmates have al meanss been discovered to test positive for drug tests.The types of drugs available in prison include marijuana, alcohol, drugs, cocaine, tranquilizers, opiates, Hallucinogens, stimulants, sedatives and heroin. Marijuana is the most common drugs while heroin is the least available drug in prison.Drugs intercession programmes available in California state prison.Programmes for drugs abuse treatment in this prison include, detoxication programmes, therapeutic programmes, drug courts, transitional treatment, maintenance and aftercare and pharmac otherwiseapy methods. In California prison state intensive intervention function are reserved for offende rs who are viewed as high risk. The treatment available is designed to target behaviors that are predicative of criminal behavior.In this prison, treatment techniques such as coping skills train have been used to reduce substance abuse. Inmates are trained on how to cope in prison without drugs and also given social skills and employment skills. These skills assist in keeping them focused on other positive activities. Structured relapse prevention techniques are established to prevent inmates from relapsing into substance abuse. melodic line management sessions are held in prisons to help prisoners deal with drug withdrawal symptoms. Willing prisoners are asked to unsex their goals of treatment and work step by step to achieve them. This way they are motivated to confront drug abuse. Community reinforcement techniques have also been started. The community offers its services to the prisoners through voluntary services to encourage motivate them in stopping substance abuse. Howev er, these treatment programs have not been very effectual in the prison. The programs are not enough to stop usage of substance abuse in prisons.ConclusionI cogitate that more treatment programmes should be established in the prison. Control and invention programmes should be established to detect any form of drug smuggling into the prison. Visitors and new prisoners must be thoroughly checked to begin with entering the prison compound. Routine searches should also be done in the prison frequently to warn any form of drug or alcohol storage in the prison. Comprehensive screening and judgment of inmates on entry should be performed to identify the treatment programme suitable for each patient. Drug detection dogs should be introduced in the prison to facilitate drug detection in the prison. Visitors areas should be modified to the designs and layouts that are open and easily accessible. The visiting areas should be completely separated from the inmates section by an impassable barrier. The way against drug and substance should be intensified to eliminate them from our society.References.Substance abuse in corrections. http//www.ccsa.ca/pdf/ccsa-011058-2004.pdf.as retrieved on 26/10/2007.Alcohol info. http//www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au/justice_system/corrections_system as retrieved on 20 Jul 2007.Heroin addiction treatment. http//www.alcoholinfo.nsw.gov.au/justice_system/corrections_system as retrieved on 20 Jul 2007.

Is the American Education System in Trouble Essay

Is the American Education System in Trouble - assay ExampleLiteracys worth has changed and America has appargonntly beseem a drop egress nation.In answer to this dilemma, fingers are pointing to several aspects of Americas education system there are incompetent educators, obsolete curriculum, overcrowded take aims and lack of funding for the system. It is an immortal blame game where there is no winner and all are losers. Frank Salvato (2006) vividly mentions in an online article thatIt is ironic that liberal institutions of learning complete with accelerated courses in the humanities, sociology and ethics, are increasingly producing graduates who hand over no ethics, no understanding of morality and no mastery of the skills that can reasonably be draw as the basics of education.Here, Salvato is clearly pointing to how dismal students are being taught even in the so called well established academes. Many have been calling out for an overhaul in the system to focus its aim to teach or educate students on what is important and relevant.Old curriculums and traditional teaching methods tilt to be boring for students nowadays. Boredom leads to disinterest, which is one of the common reasons last inculcate students drop out of their instructs. The or so obvious reason for dropping out of high school is poverty and poor schoolman performance. exactly even in suburban areas in America where money is not a big issue, parents and school authorities are finding it hard to keep kids at school. Often than not, students are not make to go back to school.Some dropouts choose to go direct to work and earn money instead of wasting time learning things they can learn themselves. Dropping out of high school has become so common especially since the law gives anyone who is 16 years over-the-hill (or 18 years old in about states) the right to discontinue his/her education given that they have valid reason to do so. In fact, according to a recent PR News Today (20 06) online article, 3,000 American students drop out of school for every school day and that most of them are poor readers. Moreover, only half of the high school graduates continue on to finish their college degrees.What most people tend to overlook is that dropping out of high school means minimum wage jobs and slim chances of going up the ladder. Its an almost authorized way of being in a degenerative cycle, where dropouts rear children who choose to drop out of school eventually too. It is certainly a challenge for the school administrators, parents, and the society at large to make students create that staying in school is the most important step they could take to improve their financial capacity in the future.In an online article by the Oprah Winfrey Show (2006) website, it was stressed that American students used to be among the best in the world about 20 years ago. Presently however, American students are lagging in academic rankings and even ranking behind poorer and sma ller countries like Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and India. There are also an increasing good turn of high school graduates who later find college level education hard to cope with. Their high school curriculum evidently did not train them to be apt to that level. Even more disappointing is that some who graduated top of their classes perform miserably in their college years. What happens if the American education system continues to fail The estate and its